Hydrological Cycle in the Arabian Sea Region from GRACE/GRACE-FO Missions and ERA5 Data

  1. Boulahia, Ahmed Kamel 1
  2. García-García, David 1
  3. Trottini, Mario 2
  4. Sayol, Juan-Manuel 1
  5. Vigo, M. Isabel 1
  1. 1 Applied Mathematics Department, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
  2. 2 Mathematics Department, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
Revista:
Remote Sensing

ISSN: 2072-4292

Any de publicació: 2024

Volum: 16

Número: 19

Pàgines: 3577

Tipus: Article

DOI: 10.3390/RS16193577 GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAccés obert editor

Altres publicacions en: Remote Sensing

Resum

The Arabian Gulf, a semi-enclosed basin in the Middle East, connects to the Indian Oceanthrough the Strait of Hormuz and is surrounded by seven arid countries. This study examinesthe water cycle of the Gulf and its surrounding areas using data from the GRACE and GRACEFollow-On missions, along with ERA5 atmospheric reanalysis data, from 05/2002 to 05/2017 andfrom 07/2018 to 12/2023. Our findings reveal a persistent water deficit due to high evaporation rates,averaging 370 ± 3 km3/year, greatly surpassing precipitation, which accounts for only 15% of theevaporative loss. Continental runoff provides one-fifth of the needed water, while the remainingdeficit, approximately 274 ± 10 km3/year, is balanced by net inflow of saltwater from the IndianOcean. Seasonal variations show the lowest net inflow of 26 ± 49 km3/year in March and the highestof 586 ± 53 km3/year in November, driven by net evaporation, continental input, and changes in theGulf’s water budget. This study highlights the complex hydrological dynamics influenced by climatepatterns and provides a baseline for future research in the region, which will be needed to quantifythe expected changes in the hydrological cycle due to climate change.

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