Perfiles de riesgo de ansiedad social para dificultades interpersonales en una muestra de adolescentes españoles
- Dori J.A. Urbán 1
- JoséM. García-Fernández 1
- CándidoJ. Inglés 2
-
1
Universitat d'Alacant
info
-
2
Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche
info
ISSN: 1136-1034
Year of publication: 2024
Volume: 29
Issue: 1
Pages: 9-18
Type: Article
More publications in: Revista de psicodidáctica
Abstract
Social anxiety has been widely studied over the past four decades. However, limited attention has been given to the relationship between social anxiety and interpersonal difficulties during adolescence. Adolescents exhibiting symptoms of social anxiety (SA) may also face challenges in their interpersonal interactions at school. This study aimed to identify distinct profiles of adolescents with social anxiety and examine whether these profiles differed in terms of the severity of their interpersonal difficulties (ID). A random cluster sampling was performed. The sample comprised 1,685 Spanish students (49.0% female) from 15 to 18 years old (M = 16.28, SD = 0.97). Participants completed the Spanish version of the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A) and the Questionnaire About Interpersonal Difficulties for Adolescents (QIDA). Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) revealed four social anxiety profiles: mild SA, moderate SA, severe SA, and extreme SA. Multivariate analyses (MANOVA) indicated statistically significant differences in interpersonal difficulties across the four clusters with effect sizes between d = 0.23 and d = 0.91. The mild SA profile showed the lowest mean scores in interpersonal difficulties whereas the extreme SA profile showed the highest ones. Intervention strategies are suggested as preventive or corrective measures to support adolescents who fall in high-risk profiles.
Bibliographic References
- Akaike, H. (1974). A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 19(6), 716–723. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.1974.1100705
- American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
- Aydin, A., & Tekinsav-Sütc¸ ü, S. (2007). Ergenler ic¸ in sosyal kaygı ölc¸ e˘ginin (ESKÖ) gec¸ erlik ve güvenirli˘ginin incelenmesi. C¸ ocuk ve Genc¸ lik Ruh Sa˘glı˘gı Dergisi, 14(2), 79–89. https://toad.halileksi.net/olcek/ergenler-icin-sosyal-kaygi-olcegi-esko/
- Bauer, J. (2022). A primer to latent profile and latent class analysis. In M. Goller, E. Kyndt, S. Paloniemi, & C. Dams¸ a (Eds.), Methods for researching professional learning and development. Professional and practice-based learning (vol. 33). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08518-5 11
- Burstein, M., He, J. P., Kattan, G., Albano, A. M., Avenevoli, S., & Merikangas, K. R. (2011). Social phobia and subtypes in the National Comorbidity Survey–Adolescent Supplement: Prevalence, correlates, and comorbidity. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(9), 870–880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2011.06.005
- Caballo, V. E., Arias, B., Salazar, I. C., Irurtia, M. J., Hofmann, S. G., & CISO-A Research Team. (2015). Psychometric properties of an innovative self-report measure: The Social Anxiety Questionnaire for adults. Psychological Assessment, 27(3), 997–1012. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038828
- Caballo, V. E., Piqueras, J. A., Antona, C., Irurtia, M. J., Salazar, I. C., Bas, P., & Salavera, C. (2018). La autoestima y su relación con la ansiedad social y las habilidades sociales. Behavioral Psychology/Psicología Conductual, 26(1), 23–53. https://www.behavioralpsycho.com/producto/la-autoestima-y-su-relacion-con-la-ansiedad-social-y-las-habilidades-sociales
- Caballo, V. E., Salazar, I. C., Arias, B., Irurtia, M. J., Calderero, M., & Grana, J. L. (2010). Validation of the Social Anxiety Questionnaire for Adults (SAQ-A30) with Spanish university students: similarities and differences among degree subjects and regions. Behavioral Psychology/Psicología Conductual, 18(1), 5–34. https://www.behavioralpsycho.com/product/validation-of-the-social-anxiety-questionnaire-for-adults-saq-a30-with-spanish-university-students-similarities-and-differences-among-degree-subjects-and-regions/?lang=en
- Caballo, V. E., Salazar, I. C., Curtiss, J., Gómez Araujo, R. B., Rossitto, A. M., Coello, M. F., Herrera Puente, J. S., Gamarra, O., Sanguino Andrés, R., Arias, V. B., Hofmann, S. G., & MISA Research Team. (2021). International application of the “Multidimensional Intervention for Social Anxiety” (MISA) program: I. Treatment effectiveness in patients with social anxiety. Behavioral Psychology/Psicología Conductual, 29(3), 517–547. https://doi.org/10.51668/bp.8321301n
- Caballo, V. E., Salazar, I. C., & Hofmann, S. G. (2019). A new multidimensional intervention for social anxiety: The MISA program. Behavioral Psychology/Psicología Conductual, 27(1), 149–172. https://www.behavioralpsycho.com/product/a-new-multidimensional-intervention-for-social-anxiety-the-misa-program/?lang=en
- Caballo, V. E., Salazar, I. C., Irurtia, M. J., Arias, B., & Hofmann, S. G. (2010). Measuring social anxiety in 11 countries. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 26(2), 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000014
- Caballo, V. E., Salazar, I. C., Irurtia, M. J., Arias, B., Hofmann, S. G., & CISO-A Research Team. (2012). The multidimensional nature and multicultural validity of a new measure of social anxiety: The Social Anxiety Questionnaire for Adults. Behavior Therapy, 43(2), 313–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.07.001
- Caballo, V. E., Salazar, I. C., Irurtia, M. J., Arias, B., Hofmann, S. G., & CISO- A Research Team. (2014). Differences in social anxiety between men and women across 18 countries. Personality and Individual Differences, 64(7), 35–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.02.013
- Camacho, A., Ortega-Ruiz, R., & Romera, E. M. (2022). Adolescents’ social anxiety dynamics in a latent transition analysis and its psychosocial effects. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 22(3), Article 100311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100311
- Chen, K. (2006). Social skills intervention for students with emotional/behavioral disorders: A literature review from the American Perspective. Educational Research and Reviews, 1(4), 143. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363275204050369
- Chiu, K., Clark, D. M., & Leigh, E. (2021). Prospective associations between peer functioning and social anxiety in adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 279(1), 650–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.055
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sci-ences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587
- Cunha, M., Gouveia, J. P., Alegre, S., & Salvador, M. C. (2004). Avaliac¸ ão da ansiedade na adolescência: A versão portuguesa da SAS-A. Psychologica, 35, 249–263. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257652189 Avaliacao da ansiedade na adolescencia A versao portuguesa da SAS-A
- Delgado, B., Inglés, C. J., & García-Fernández, J. M. (2013). Social anxiety and self-concept in adolescence. Revista de Psicodidáctica, 18, 179–194. https://doi.org/10.1387/RevPsicodidact.6411
- Delgado, B., Martínez-Monteagudo, M. C., Ruiz-Esteban, C., & Rubio, E. (2019). Latent class analysis of school refusal behavior and its relationship with cyberbullying during adolescence. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1916. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01916
- Dell’Osso, L., Abelli, M., Pini, S., Carlini, M., Carpita, B., Macchi, E., Gorrasi, F., Mengali, F., Tognetti, R., & Massimetti, G. (2014). Dimensional assessment of DSM-5 social anxiety symptoms among university students and its relationship with functional impairment. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 10, 1325–1332. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S59348
- Dou, Q., Chang, R., & Xu, H. (2023). Body dissatisfaction and social anxiety among adolescents: A moderated mediation model of feeling of inferiority, Family cohesion and friendship quality. Applied Research Quality Life, 18, 1469–1489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-023-10148-1
- Esbjørn, B. H., Hoeyer, M., Dyrborg, J., Leth, I., & Kendall, P. C. (2010). Prevalence and co-morbidity among anxiety disorders in a national cohort of psychiatrically referred children and adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(8), 866–872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.06.009
- Fernández-Río, J., Rivera-Pérez, S., & Iglesias, D. (2022). Intervenciones de aprendizaje cooperativo y resultados asociados en futuros docentes: Una revisión sistemática. Revista de Psicodidáctica, 27(2), 118–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psicod.2022.04.002
- Fernández-Sogorb, A., Sanmartín, R., Vicent, M., Gonzálvez, C., Ruiz-Esteban, C., & García-Fernández, J. M. (2022). School anxiety profiles in Spanish adolescents and their differences in psychopathological symptoms. Plos One, 17(1), Article e0262280. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262280
- Fisher, P. H., Masia-Warner, C., & Klein, R. G. (2004). Skills for social and academic success: a school-based intervention for social anxiety disorder in adolescents. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 7(4), 241–249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-004-6088-7
- Furmark, T., Tillfors, M., Stattin, H., Ekselius, L., & Fredrikson, M. (2000). Social phobia subtypes in the general population revealed by cluster analysis. Psychological Medicine, 30(6), 1335–1344. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291799002615
- García-López, L. J., Olivares, J., Hidalgo, M. D., Beidel, D. C., & Turner, S. (2001). Psychometric properties of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory, the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents, the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale and the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale in an adolescent Spanish-speaking sample. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23, 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011043607878
- García-López, L. J., Piqueras, J. A., del Mar Díaz-Castela, M., & Inglés, C. J. (2008). Trastorno de ansiedad social en la infan- cia y adolescencia: Estado actual, avances recientes y líneas futuras. Behavioral Psychology/Psicología Conductual, 16(3), 501–533. https://www.behavioralpsycho.com/?s=Trastorno+de+ansiedad+social+en+la+infancia+y+adolescencia%3A+Estado+actual%2C+avances+recientes+y+l%C3 %ADneas+futuras
- Gil-Bernal, F., & Hernández-Guzmán, L. (2009). Tratamiento cognitivo-conductual para niños mexicanos con fobia social. Anuario de Psicología, 40(1), 89–104. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235722294 Tratamiento cognitivo-conductual para ninos mexicanos con fobia social
- Gómez-Ortiz, O., Casas, C., & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2016). Ansiedad social en la adolescencia: factores psicoevolutivos y de contexto familiar. Behavioral Psychology/Psicología Conductual, 24, 29–49. https://www.behavioralpsycho.com/?s=Ansiedad+social+en+la+adolescencia%3A+factores+psicoevolutivos+y+de+contexto+familiar
- Gonzálvez, C., Inglés, C. J., Kearney, C. A., Sanmartín, R., Vicent, M., & García-Fernández, J. M. (2019). Relationship between school refusal behavior and social functioning: A cluster analysis approach. European Journal of Education and Psy- chology, 12(1), 17–29. https://doi.org/10.30552/ejep.v12i1.238
- IBM Corp. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics for Windows, version 26.0. IBM Corp.
- Inglés, C. J. (2003). Programa PEHIA: Enseñanza de habilidades interpersonales para adolescentes. Pirámide.
- Inglés, C. J., Delgado, B., Hidalgo, M. D., García-Fernández, J. M., & Prêteur, Y. (2011,April). Factorial structure and reliability of the French version of the Questionnaire about Interpersonal Difficulties for Adolescents (QIDA): A pilot study. Paper presented at the Journées d’Études sur l’Adolescence of the European Association for Research on Adolescence. Toulouse, France.
- Inglés, C. J., Hidalgo, M. D., & Méndez, F. X. (2001). Dificultades interpersonales en la adolescencia: ¿Factor de riesgo de fobia social? Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 6(2), 91–104. https://doi.org/10.5944/rppc.vol.6.num.2.2001.3907
- Inglés, C. J., Hidalgo, M. D., & Méndez, F. X. (2005). Interpersonal difficulties in adolescence: A new self-report measure. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 21(1), 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.21.1.11
- Inglés, C. J., La Greca, A. M., Marzo, J. C., García-López, L. J., & García-Fernández, J. M. (2010). Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents: factorial invariance and latentmean differences across gender and age in Spanish adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(8), 847–855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.06.007
- Inglés, C. J., Martínez-Monteagudo, M. C., Delgado, B., Torregrosa, M. S., Redondo, J., Benavides, G., García-Fernández, J. M., & García-López, L. J. (2008). Prevalencia de la conducta agresiva, conducta prosocial y ansiedad social en una muestra de adolescentes españoles: Un estudio comparativo. Infancia y Aprendizaje: Journal for the Study of Education and Development, 31(4), 449–461. https://doi.org/10.1174/021037008786140968
- Inglés, C. J., Marzo, J. C., Hidalgo, M. D., Zhou, X., & García-Fernández, J. M. (2008). Factorial invariance of the Questionnaire about Interpersonal Difficulties for Adolescents across Spanish and Chinese adolescent samples. Measuring and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 41, 89–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2008.11909824
- Inglés, C. J., Urbán, D. J., Castanheira, J., & Garcia-Fernandez, J. M. (2022). Versión portuguesa del Cuestionario de Evaluación de Dificultades Interpersonales en la Adolescencia: fiabilidad y validez. Revista de Estudios e Investigación en Psicología y Educación, 9(1), 39–57. https://doi.org/10.17979/reipe.2022.9.1.8729
- Kashdan, T. B., Volkmann, J. R., Breen, W. E., & Han, S. (2007). Social anxiety and romantic relationships: The costs and benefits of negative emotion expression are context-dependent. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 475–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.08.007
- Kim, S. S., & Bae, S. M. (2022). Social anxiety and social networking service addiction proneness in university students: The mediating effects of experiential avoidance and interpersonal problems. Psychiatry Investigation, 19(6), 462–469. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2021.0298
- Koc¸ ak, C., & Önen, A. S. (2014). The analysis on interpersonal relationship dimensions of secondary school students according to their ruminative thinking skills. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 143, 784–787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.07.476
- La Greca, A. M., Ehrenreich-May, J., Mufson, L., & Chan, S. (2016). Preventing adolescent social anxiety and depression and reducing peer victimization: Intervention development and open trial. Paper presented at the Child and Youth Care Forum, 45(6), 905–926. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-016-9363-0
- La Greca, A. M., & López, N. (1998). Social anxiety among adolescents: Linkages with peer relations and friendships. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 83–94. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022684520514
- Lo, Y., Mendell, N. R., & Rubin, D. B. (2001). Testing the number of components in a normal mixture. Biometrika, 88, 767–778. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/88.3.767
- Martel, S. R., Falcone, M. M., Etkin, R. G., Marin, C. E., Lebowitz, E., & Silverman, W. K. (2022). Do school-based accommodations mitigate anxiety-related school impairment for socially anxious youth? European Journal of Education and Psychology, 15(2), 7–21. https://doi.org/10.32457/ejep.v15i2.1965
- Martínez-González, A. E., Inglés, C. J., Piqueras, J. A., & Ramos, V. (2010). Importancia de los amigos y los padres en la salud y el rendimiento escolar. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 8(1), 111–138. https://doi.org/10.25115/ejrep.v8i20.1376
- McLachlan, G., & Peel, D. (2000). Finite mixture models. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471721182
- Méndez, F. X., Inglés, C. J., & Hidalgo, M. D. (2002). Estrés en las relaciones interpersonales: un estudio descriptivo en la adolescencia. Ansiedad y Estrés, 8(1), 25–36. https://www.ansiedadyestres.es/sites/default/files/rev/ucm/2002/anyes2002a3.pdf
- Morales, A., Melero, S., Tomczyk, S., Espada, J. P., & Orgilés, M. (2021). Subtyping of strengths and difficulties in a Spanish children sample: A latent class analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 280(Pt A), 272–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.047
- Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. (2017). Mplus user’s guide: Statistical analysis with latent variables, user’s guide. Muthén & Muthén. http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1136-1034(22)00032-6/sbref0240
- Olivares, J. (2011). Catorce a ˜nos de intervención en adolescentes con fobia social (1997-2011). Informaciò Psicológica, 102, 90–109. https://www.informaciopsicologica.info/revista/article/view/68
- Olivares, J., & García-López, L. J. (1998). Intervención en adolescentes con fobia social. Diseño inicial. Faculty of Psychology. University of Murcia.
- Olivares, J., & García-López, J. (2001). Un nuevo tratamiento multicomponente para la población adolescente con fobia social generalizada: resultados de un estudio piloto. Psicología Conductual, 247–254. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264974741 Un nuevo tratamiento multicomponente para adolescentes con fobia social generalizada Resultados de un estudio piloto
- Olivares, J., García-López, L. J., Hidalgo, M. D., La Greca, A. M., Turner, S. M., & Beidel, D. C. (2002). A pilot study on normative data for two social anxiety measures: The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory and the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 2(3), 467–476. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26420205 A pilot study on normative data for two social anxiety measures The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory and the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents
- Ollendick, T. H., & Hirshfeld-Becker, D. R. (2002). The developmental and psychopathology of social anxiety disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 51(1), 44–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01305-1
- Piqueras, J. A., Olivares, J., & López-Pina, J. A. (2008). A new proposal for the subtypes of social phobia in a sample of Spanish adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 67–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.01.007
- Redondo, J., Delgado, B., Inglés, C. J., Hidalgo, M. D., García-Fernández, J. M., & Martínez-Monteagudo, M. C. (2014). The Questionnaire about Interpersonal Difficulties for Adolescents: Reliability and validity evidence in Colombian Adolescent. Universitas Psychologica, 13(2), 467–476. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.UPSY13-2.qida
- Rodebaugh, T. L. (2009). Social phobia and perceived friendship quality. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 872–878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.05.001
- Salazar, I. C., Caballo, V. E., Arias, V., Curtiss, J., Rossitto, A. M., Araujo, R. B. G., Herrera-Puente, J., Coello, M. F., Gamarra, O., Sanguino Andrés, R., & Hofmann, S. G. (2022). International application of the “Multidimensional Intervention for Social Anxiety” (MISA) program: II. Treatment effectiveness for social anxiety-related problems. Behavioral Psychology/Psicología Conductual, 30(1), 19–49. https://doi.org/10.51668/bp.8322102n
- Sanmartín, R., Vicent, M., Gonzálvez, C., Inglés, C. J., Reinoso-Pacheco, R., & García-Fernández, J. M. (2020). Factorial invariance, latent mean differences of the Panas and affective profiles and its relation to social anxiety in Ecuadorian sample. Sustainability, 12(7), 2976. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072976
- Schwarz, G. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. The Annals of Statistics, 6, 461–464. https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176344136
- Serrano-Pintado, I., Escolar-Llamazares, M. C., & Delgado-Sánchez-Mateos, J. (2022). Pilot study on the effects of the Teaching Interpersonal Skills Program for Teens Program (PEHIA). Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 764926. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.764926
- Shokri, O., Abdolkhaleghi, M., Afzali, M. H., Gravand, F., Paeezi, M., & Toolabi, S. (2010). Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Questionnaire about Interpersonal Difficulties for Adolescents in an Iranian sample. Developmental Psychology: Journal of Iranian Psychologists, 6(24), 307–316.
- Song, H., & Kim, H. (2019). Value-based profiles of visitors to a world heritage site: The case of Suwon Hwaseong fortress (in South Korea). Sustainability, 11, 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11010132
- Spurk, D., Hirschi, A., Wang, M., Valero, D., & Kauffeld, S. (2020). Latent profile analysis: A review and “how to” guide of its application within vocational behavior research. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 120, Article 103445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103445
- Tein, J.-Y., Coxe, S., & Cham, H. (2013). Statistical power to detect the correct number of classes in latent profile analysis. Structural Equation Modeling, 20, 640–657. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2013.824781
- Tillfors, M., Furmark, T., Ekselius, L., & Fredrikson, M. (2004). Social phobia and avoidant personality disorder: One spectrum disorder? Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 58(2), 147–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039480410005530
- Tonge, N. A., Lim, M. H., Piccirillo, M. L., Fernandez, K. C., Langer, J. K., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2020). Interpersonal problems in social anxiety disorder across different relational contexts. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 75, Article 102275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102275
- Torregrosa, M. S., Gómez Núñez, M. I., Sanmartín, R., García-Fernández, J. M., La Greca, A. M., Zhou, X., Redondo, J., & Inglés, C. J. (2022). Measurement invariance and latent mean differences between American, Spanish and Chinese adolescents using the social anxiety scale for adolescents (SAS-A). Psicothema, 34(1), 126–133. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2021.42
- Urbán, D. J. A., La Greca, A. M., García-Fernández, J. M., & Inglés, C. J. (2023). A bibliometric analysis on adolescent social anxiety and psychoeducational variables in Web of Science 2002–2021. The Journal of General Psychology, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2022.2161982
- Vilaplana-Pérez, A., Pérez-Vigil, A., Sidorchuk, A., Brander, G., Isomura, K., Hesselmark, E., Kuja-Halkola, R., Larsson, H., Mataix-Cols, D., & Fernández-de la Cruz, L. (2020). Much more than just shyness: The impact of social anxiety disorder on educational performance across the lifespan. Psychological Medicine, 53, 861–869. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719003908
- Vuong, Q. (1989). Likelihood ratio tests for model selection and non-nested hypotheses. Econometrica, 57, 307–333. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912557
- Wenzel, A. (2001). Characteristics of close relationships in individuals with social phobia: a preliminary comparison with nonanxious individuals. In J. H. Harvey, & A. Wenzel (Eds.), A clinician’s guide to maintaining and enhancing close relation- ships (pp. 199–213). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410603999
- Whittaker, T. A., & Miller, J. E. (2020). Exploring the enumeration accuracy of cross-validation indices in latent class analysis. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 28(3), 376–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2020.1802280
- Xiaofeng, S. L. (2023). Bias correction for Cohen’s d. The Journal of General Psychology, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2023.2172545
- Yu, M., Zhou, H., Wang, M., & Tang, X. (2020). The heterogeneity of social anxiety symptoms among Chinese adolescents: Results of latent profile analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 274(2), 935–942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.003
- Zhou, X., Xu, Q., Inglés, C. J., Hidalgo, M. D., & La Greca, A. M. (2008). Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 39(2), 185–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-007-0079-0
- Zupanˇciˇc, M., Inglés, C. S., Bajec, B., & Puklek, M. (2011). Reliability and validity evidence of scores on the Slovene version of the Questionnaire About Interpersonal Difficulties for Adolescents. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 42, 349–366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-011-0218-5