Well-Founded Fear in International Refugee LawA Feminist Approach

  1. Zamora Gómez, Cristina María 1
  1. 1 Universidad de Sevilla
    info

    Universidad de Sevilla

    Sevilla, España

    ROR https://ror.org/03yxnpp24

Revista:
The Age of Human Rights Journal

ISSN: 2340-9592

Año de publicación: 2022

Número: 19

Páginas: 271-291

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.17561/TAHRJ.V19.7216 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: The Age of Human Rights Journal

Objetivos de desarrollo sostenible

Resumen

International Refugee Law, as a matter of human rights, is in continuous evolution. This article aims to capture what the main advances in ​​gender human rights have been in the regime of well-founded fear of persecution that is entitled by the 1951 Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees. Thus, this article will expose what is the classic literature around the conceptualization of the well-founded fear of persecution, including what the iusfeminist critical doctrine has contributed. Subsequently, it will be shown how to improve the evaluation process of the two elements that make up the well-founded fear of persecution, namely the subjective and objective elements. Followed by a detail of the main stumbling blocks that such an evaluation has in terms of gender blindness. Finally, this article will venture to make some legal proposals to overcome such gaps.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • ADJIN-TETTEY, E. (1997-1998), “Reconsidering the Criteria for Assessing Well-Founded Fear in Refugee Law”, Manitoba Law Journal, Vol. 25, Issue 1 (1997-1998), pp. 127-152, Available online: https://dspace.library.uvic.ca/bitstream/handle/1828/5903/Adjin-Tettey_Elizabeth_ManLJ_1997.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y,
  • ARENAS HIDALGO, N., (2007), “La credibilidad de una solicitud de asilo. Derecho comunitario y jurisprudencia de Estrasburgo (el Caso N v. Finland)” Cuadernos Europeos de Deusto, Núm. 36, Bilbao, pp. 57-75.
  • ARENAS HIDALGO, N., Murillo, J.C., (2015), The refugee law reader. Cases, documents and materials, Hungarian Helsinki Committee.
  • BARTLETT, K.T. (1990) Feminist Legal Methods, Harvard Law Review, vol.103, no. 4, 829-888. https://doi.org/10.2307/1341478
  • BERTOMEU NAVARRO, A., (2021), “Protección Internacional, género y derechos humanos” en Soroeta Liceras, J. (Dir); ALONSO MOREDA, N. (Ed.) Anuario de los Cursos de Derechos Humanos de Donostia-San Sebastián¸ Tirant Lo Blanch, pp. 80-86.
  • CARRILLO SALCEDO, J.A., (2002), “Conclusiones Generales” en FERNÁNDEZ SÁNCHEZ, P.A., (Coord.) La Revitalización de la Protección de los refugiados, Huelva, Universidad de Huelva, pp. 337-343.
  • CHARLESWORTH, H and CHINKIN, C. M., (2000) The Boundaries of International Law: A Feminist Analysis, Manchester University Press.
  • CHIMNI, B. S. (1998) “The Geopolitics of Refugee Studies: A View from the South”, Journal of Refugee Studies 11(4), pp. 350–374. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/11.4.350-a
  • CJEU, C-148/13 to C-150/13, A, B and C v. Staatssecretaris van Veiligheid en Justitie [GC], 2 December 2014.
  • CLAVIJO, J., (2018), “Consideraciones sobre la (re)configuración de la condición de refugiado” Revista de Temas de Antropología y Migración, nº10, Diciembre, pp. 94-101.
  • CORREA DA SILVA, W. (2021) La relación postcolonial entre Groenlandia y Dinamarca en Borgen, Revista Relaciones Internacionales, vol.1, núm.30, 15-40.
  • CRENSHAW, K. (1991) Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color, Stanford Law Review, Vol. 43, No. 6, 1241-1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
  • CREPÍN, M. (2021) Persecution, International Refugee Law and Refugees. A feminist approach, NY, Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003018728
  • GÜLER, A., SHEVTSOVA, M., AND VENTURI, D., (Editors), LGBTI Asylum Seekers and Refugees from a Legal and Political Perspective Persecution, Asylum and Integration, Springer, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91905-8
  • GUTIÉRREZ CASTILLO, V.L. (2021) “Los procesos probatorios de solicitudes de asilo por orientación sexual e identidad de género en Europa: Análisis desde la perspectiva de los Derechos Humanos”, Revista Española de Derecho Internacional, vol.73/2, Madrid, pp. 115-129. https://doi.org/10.17103/redi.73.2.2021.1a.07
  • HAINES, R., (2010) “La persecución por motivos de género (Artículo 1A (2))”, en FELLER, E., TÜRK, V., y NICHOLSON, F., (eds.), Protección de los Refugiados en el Derecho Internacional. Consultas Globales de ACNUR sobre Protección Internacional, Barcelona, Icaria editorial.
  • HARAWAY, D. (1988) Situated knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Accounts of Perspective, Feminist Studies, vol.14, 575-599. https://doi.org/10.2307/3178066
  • HATHAWAY, J. Y HICKS, W., (2005), “Is There a Subjective Element in the Refugee Convention’s Requirement of Well-founded Fear?”, Michigan Journal of International Law, vol. 26, nº2 (Winter), Available: https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2481&context=articles.
  • HATHAWAY, J.C. AND FOSTER, M., (2014), The Law of Refugee Status Cambridge University Press, 2nd edition
  • HAYS, P. A., (2016), Addressing Cultural Complexities in Practice: Assessment, Diagnosis, and Therapy (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C., American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14801-000
  • HERSH, N., (2019) “Enhancing UNHCR Protection for LGBTI Asylum-Seekers and Refugees in Morocco: Reflection and Strategies” in GÜLER, A., SHEVTSOVA, M., VENTURI, D. (EDS.) LGBTI Asylum Seekers and Refugees from a Legal and Political Perspective. Persecution, Asylum, and Integration. Springer, Belgium, pp. 299-323. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91905-8_15
  • LAVIOLETTE, N., (2013) “Overcoming Problems with Sexual Minority Refugee Claims: Is LGBT Cultural Competency Training the Solution? Fleeing Homophobia: Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Asylum” in SPIJKERBOER, T. (ed)., Fleeing Homophobia. Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Asylum, Taylor & Francis Books, Oxon, United Kingdom, pp. 3-31.
  • LUKAC, E., & ERIKSSON, H. (2017) “LGBT asylum seekers in Sweden: Conceptualising queer migration beyond the concept of “Safe third country””, Oxford Research.
  • MACKINNON, C., (1995) Hacia una Teoría Feminista del Estado, Cátedra, Madrid.
  • MILLBANK, J., (2021) “Sexual orientation and Gender identity in Refugee Claims”, in COSTELLO, C., FOSTER, M. and MCADAM, J., (Ed.) The Oxford Handbook of International Refugee Law. https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198848639.003.0043
  • MORGAN, D.A., (2006) “Not gay enough for the government: racial and sexual stereotypes in sexual orientation asylum cases”, Law & Sexuality: Review of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Legal Issues, vol.15, pp. 135-161.
  • NOLL, G., (2005), “Evidentiary Assessment under the Refugee Convention: Risk, Pain and the Intersubjectivity of Fear” in Gregor Noll (ed), Proof, Evidentiary Assessment and Credibility in Asylum Procedures (Brill 2005), pp. 141-160; Available at: https://studio.edx.org/assets/courseware/v1/4071650b6fd35ab6d2024c7ad2e1ff24/asset-v1:LouvainX+Louv21x+1T2020+type@asset+block/Martinus_Nijhof.pdf
  • PETER A. LEVINE, (2014), Sanar el trauma. Un programa pionero para restaurar la sabiduría de tu cuerpo, Neoperson Ed., pp. 17-21.
  • QUIJANO, A. (2000), “The Coloniality of Power and Eurocentrism in Latin America”, SAGE Journals. V.15(2), 215-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580900015002005
  • RAMEZANKHAH, FOROUGH, (2017), “The Tale of Two Men: Testimonial Styles in the Presentation of Asylum Claims.” International Journal of Refugee Law, vol. 29, no. 1, p. 110-137; HeinOnline: https://heinonline-org.ejournals.um.edu.mt/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/intjrl29&i=113.
  • RAZACK, S. (1995) Domestic violence as gender persecution: policing the borders of nation, race and gender. Canadian Journal of Women and the Law, 45, 8.
  • SCOTT, M., (2018), Refugee Status Determination in the Context of ‘Natural’ Disasters and Climate Change A Human Rights-Based Approach, PhD research at Faculty of LAW, Lund University, 2018.
  • THOMAS, S., (2006), “Assessing the Credibility of Asylum Claims. EU and UK Approaches Examinates”, European Journal of Migration and Law, 2006, pp. 79-96. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238425691_Assessing_the_Credibility_of_Asylum_Claims_EU_and_UK_Approaches_Examined
  • TORRES, A.M., ALARCÓN, N. Y BÁRCENA, P. with the collaboration of the Protection Team of the UNHCR Delegation in Spain, Fundación Abogacía Española and UNHCR, (2017), “The International Protection of Asylum Seekers: Practical Guide for Lawyers”. Available in its online version: https://www.abogacia.es/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/VERSION-FINAL-GUIA-PROTECCION-INTERNACIONAL-SOLICITANTES-DE-ASILO.pdf.
  • TUITT, P., (1996) False Images: The Law’s Construction of the Refugee, London: Pluto Press.
  • YOUNG, I. (2000) La justicia y la política de la diferencia. Madrid. Ediciones Cátedra.
  • WOOD, E., (2012), “Variación de la violencia sexual en tiempos de guerra. La violación en la guerra no es inevitable”, Revista Estudios Socio-Jurídicos, Vol. 14, Nº. 1.
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet