Funciones ejecutivas y agentes deportivos

  1. Romero García, Gonzalo
  2. Ortega Toro, Enrique 2
  3. Alarcón López, Francisco 1
  1. 1 Universitat d'Alacant
    info

    Universitat d'Alacant

    Alicante, España

    ROR https://ror.org/05t8bcz72

  2. 2 Universidad de Murcia
    info

    Universidad de Murcia

    Murcia, España

    ROR https://ror.org/03p3aeb86

Revista:
Journal of sport and health research

ISSN: 1989-6239

Año de publicación: 2023

Título del ejemplar: Septiembre-Diciembre

Volumen: 15

Número: 3

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.58727/JSHR.95764 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: Journal of sport and health research

Objetivos de desarrollo sostenible

Resumen

El objetivo de la presente revisión es investigar la producción científica de artículos que relacionen a los agentes deportivos (deportistas, entrenadores, árbitros) con las funciones ejecutivas (FE). Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda en WoS que arrojó 703 resultados. Un cribado de las referencias siguiendo las directrices PRISMA dejó 94 artículos con los que se llevó a cabo un análisis bibliométrico y revisión de los temas subyacentes que son FE de dominio general y específico en relación con el deportista, FE y tipo de deporte, detección de talentos, relación entre FE y habilidades específicas en el deporte, FE y posición en el terreno de juego, paradigma del experto/deportista de élite y las FE, FE y otros agentes deportivos y deportistas de élite con discapacidad y FE. En vista de los resultados, si bien parece haber un consenso sobre la importancia de las FE en el deporte, se requieren más estudios longitudinales que certifiquen su valor. Estudios recientes parecen indicar que no es trascendental en la detección de talentos. De la misma manera, existen indicios sobre su rol en deportistas que practican disciplinas abiertas y de oposición y sobre las diferencias existentes entre deportistas y no deportistas o expertos y noveles. Junto con lo expuesto anteriormente, se requieren pruebas que evalúen las FE con validez ecológica y de constructo y es necesario que el valor de las FE se traslade a la investigación con otros agentes deportivos como entrenadores o árbitros.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Alarcón F., Castillo A., Ureña N., Torres E., y Cárdenas, D. (2017). Creatividad táctica y funciones ejecutivas en los deportes de interacción. Revista Euroamericana de Ciencias del Deporte, Vol. 6(2), 147-152.
  • Alves, H., Voss, M., Boot, W. R., Deslandes, A., Cossich, V., Inacio Salles, J. & Kramer, A. F. (2013). Perceptual-cognitive expertise in elite volleyball players. Frontiers in psychology, 4, 36.
  • Baddeley, A. (2003). Working memory: looking back and looking forward. Nature reviews neuroscience, 4(10), 829-839.
  • Bailey, C.E. (2007). Cognitive Accuracy and Intelligent Executive Function in the Brain and in Business. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Vol. 1118(1) 1222-141. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1412.011
  • Baláková, V., Boschek, P. & Skalíková, L. (2015). Selected cognitive abilities in elite youth soccer players. Journal of human kinetics, 49, 267.
  • Ballester, R., Huertas, F., Pablos-Abella, C., Llorens, F. & Pesce, C. (2019). Chronic participation in exter nally paced, but not self-paced sports is associated with the modulation of domain- general cogni tion. European Journal of Sport Science, 19(8), 1110-1119.
  • Barker, J. E. & Munakata, Y. (2015). Developing self‐directed executive functioning: Recent findings and future directions. Mind, Brain, and Education, 9(2), 92-99.
  • Beavan, A., Chin, V., Ryan, L. M., Spielmann, J., Mayer, J., Skorski, S.,... & Fransen, J. (2020a). A longitudinal analysis of the executive functions in high-level soccer players. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 42(5), 349-357.
  • Beavan, A., Spielmann, J., Ehmann, P. & Mayer, J. (2022). The Development of Executive Functions in High-Level Female Soccer Players. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 00315125221096989.
  • Beavan, A. F., Spielmann, J., Mayer, J., Skorski, S., Meyer, T. & Fransen, J. (2019). Age-related differences in executive functions within high-level youth soccer players. Brazilian Journal of Motor Behavior, 13(2), 64-75.
  • Beavan, A., Spielmann, J., Mayer, J., Skorski, S., Meyer, T. & Fransen, J. (2020b). The rise and fall of executive functions in high- level football players. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 49, 101677.
  • Benedek, M., Jauk, E., Sommer, M., Arendasy, M. & Neubauer, A. C. (2014). Intelligence, creativity, and cognitive control: The common and differential involvement of executive functions in intelligence and creativity. Intelligence, 46, 73-83.
  • Berti, B., Momi, D., Sprugnoli, G., Neri, F., Bonifazi, M., Rossi, A., ... & Rossi, S. (2019). Peculiarities of func tional connectivity— Including cross-modal patterns—In professional karate athletes: Correlations with cognitive and motor performances. Neural Plasticity, 2019.
  • Bianco, V., Di Russo, F., Perri, R. L. & Berchicci, M. (2017). Different proactive and reactive action control in fencers’ and boxers’ brain. Neuroscience, 343, 260-268.
  • Bisagno, E. & Morra, S. (2018). How do we learn to “kill” in volleyball? The role of working memory capacity and expertise in volleyball motor learning. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 167, 128-145.
  • Brevers, D., Dubuisson, E., Dejonghe, F., Dutrieux, J., Petieau, M., Cheron, G., ... & Foucart, J. (2018). Pro-active and reactive motor inhibition in top athletes versus nonathletes. Perceptual and motor skills, 125(2), 289-312.
  • Chen, F. T., Wang, C. C., Chu, C. H. & Chang, Y. K. (2013). Effect of acute aerobic exercise on planning-related executive function. Physic Educ J, 46, 45e54.
  • Chiu, C. N., Chen, C. Y. & Muggleton, N. G. (2017). Sport, time pressure, and cognitive performance. Progress in brain research, 234, 85-99.
  • Clancy, R. B., Herring, M. P. & Campbell, M. J. (2017). Motivation measures in sport: A critical review and bibliometric analysis. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 348.
  • Collins, A. & Koechlin, E. (2012). Reasoning, learning, and creativity: frontal lobe function and human decision-making. PLoS Biol, 10(3), e1001293.
  • Cratty, B. J. (1973). Psychology in contemporary sport: guide-lines for coaches and athletes. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
  • Damasio, A. (1994). Descartes´ error. New York: Putnam press.
  • De Waelle, S., Laureys, F., Lenoir, M., Bennett, S. J. & Deconinck, F. J. (2021). Children involved in team sports show superior executive function compared to their peers involved in self-paced sports. Children, 8(4), 264.
  • Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual review of psychology, 64, 135.
  • Diamond, A. (2014). Want to optimize executive functions and academic outcomes? Simple, just nourish the human spirit. In P. D. Zelazo & M. D. Sera (Eds.), Minnesota symposia on child psychology: Vol. 37. Developing cognitive control processes: Mechanisms, implications, and interventions (p. 205–230). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
  • Di Russo, F., Bultrini, A., Brunelli, S., Delussu, A. S., Polidori, L., Taddei, F., ... & Spinelli, D. (2010). Benefits of sports participation for executive function in disabled athletes. Journal of neurotrauma, 27(12), 2309-2319.
  • Ducrocq, E., Wilson, M., Smith, T. J. & Derakshan, N. (2017). Adaptive Working Memory Training Reduces the Negative Impact of Anxiety on Competitive Motor Performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 39(6), 412–422. doi: https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2017-0217
  • Elferink-Gemser, M. T., Faber, I. R., Visscher, C., Hung, T. M., De Vries, S. J. & Nijhuis-Van der Sanden, M. W. (2018). Higher-level cognitive functions in Dutch elite and sub- elite table tennis players. PloS one, 13(11), e0206151.
  • Engle, R. W. (2002). Working memory capacity as executive attention. Current directions in psychological science, 11(1), 19-23.
  • Ericsson, K. A. (2003). How the expert performance approach differs from traditional approaches to expertise in sport: In search of a shared theoretical framework for studying expert performance. In J. L. Starkes, & K. A. Ericsson (Eds.), Expert performance in sports: Advances in research on sport expertise (pp. 371– 402). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Faro, H. K. C., Machado, D. G. D. S., Bortolotti, H., do Nascimento, P. H. D., Moioli, R. C., Elsangedy, H. M. & Fontes, E. B. (2020). Influence of judo experience on neuroelectric activity during a selective attention task. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 2838.
  • Fleddermann, M.-T., Heppe, H. & Zentgraf, K. (2019). Off-Court Generic Perceptual-Cognitive Training in Elite Volleyball Athletes: Task Specific Effects and Levels of Transfer. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01599
  • Formenti, D., Trecroci, A., Duca, M., Vanoni, M., Ciovati, M., Rossi, A. & Alberti, G. (2022). Volleyball-specific skills and cognitive functions can discriminate players of different competitive levels. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 36(3), 813-819.
  • Friedman, N. P. & Miyake, A. (2017). Unity and diversity of executive functions: Individual differences as a window on cognitive structure. Cortex, 86, 186-204.
  • Friedman, NP., Miyake, A.,Corley RP.,Young SE.,Defries JC,JK.H.(2006). Not all executive functions are related to intelligence. Psychological Science. 17(2):172–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01681.x
  • Furley, P. A. & Memmert, D. (2010). The role of working memory in sport. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 3(2), 171-194.
  • Furley, P. A. & Memmert, D. (2012). Working Memory Capacity as Controlled Attention in Tactical Decision Making. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 34(3), 322– 344. doi: https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.34.3.322
  • Furley, P. & Memmert, D. (2015). Creativity and working memory capacity in sports: working memory capacity is not a limiting factor in creative decision making amongst skilled performers. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 115.
  • García-Angulo, A., Ortega, E. & Mendoza, R. (2014). Grado de satisfacción y preferencias de jugadores de balonmano en acciones técnico-tácticas según la categoría de juego.
  • García-Angulo A y Ortega E. (2015). Análisis bibliométrico de la producción científica sobre el portero en fútbol. Revista Iberoamericana de psicología del ejercicio y el deporte, Vol.10 (2) 205-214.
  • Garon, N., Bryson, S. E. & Smith, I. M. (2008). Executive function in preschoolers: a review using an integrative framework. Psychological bulletin, 134(1), 31.
  • Giordano, G., Gómez-López, M. & Alesi, M. (2021). Sports, executive functions and academic performance: A comparison between martial arts, team sports, and sedentary children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(22), 11745.
  • Granacher, U. & Borde, R. (2017). Effects of sport-specific training during the early stages of long-term athlete development on physical fitness, body composition, cognitive, and academic performances. Frontiers in physiology, 8, 810.
  • Hagyard, J., Brimmell, J., Edwards, E. J. & Vaughan, R. S. (2021). Inhibitory control across athletic exper tise and its relationship with sport performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 43(1), 14-27.
  • Han, D. H., Park, H. W., Kee, B. S., Na, C., Na, D. H. E. & Zaichkowsky, L. (2011). Performance enhance ment with low stress and anxiety modulated by cognitive flexibility. Psychiatry investigation, 8(3), 221.
  • Heilmann, F. (2021). Executive functions and domain-specific cognitive skills in climbers. Brain Sciences, 11(4), 449.
  • Heilmann, F., Memmert, D., Weinberg, H. & Lautenbach, F. (2022). The relationship between executive functions and sports experience, relative age effect, as well as physical maturity in youth soccer players of different ages. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1- 19.
  • Heppe, H., Kohler, A., Fleddermann, M. T. & Zentgraf, K. (2016). The relationship between expertise in sports, visuospatial, and basic cognitive skills. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 904.
  • Heppe, H. & Zentgraf, K. (2019). Team handball experts outperform recreational athletes in hand and foot response inhibition: a behavioral study. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 971.
  • Holfelder, B., Klotzbier, T. J., Eisele, M. & Schott, N. (2020). Hot and cool executive function in elite-and amateur-adolescent athletes from open and closed skills sports. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 694.
  • Huertas, F., Ballester, R., Gines, H. J., Hamidi, A. K., Moratal, C. & Lupiáñez, J. (2019). Relative age effect in the sport environment. Role of physical fitness and cognitive function in youth soccer players. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(16), 2837.
  • Huijgen, B. C., Leemhuis, S., Kok, N. M., Verburgh, L., Oosterlaan, J., Elferink-Gemser, M. T. & Visscher, C. (2015). Cognitive functions in elite and sub-elite youth soccer players aged 13 to 17 years. PloS one, 10(12).
  • Ishihara, T., Kuroda, Y. & Mizuno, M. (2019). Competitive achievement may be predicted by executive functions in junior tennis players: An 18-month follow-up study. Journal of sports sciences, 37(7), 755-761.
  • Ishihara, T. & Mizuno, M. (2018). Effects of tennis play on executive function in 6–11- year-old children: A 12-month longitudinal study. European Journal of Sport Science, 18(5), 741-752.
  • Ishihara, T., Sugasawa, S., Matsuda, Y. & Mizuno, M. (2017). Relationship of tennis play to executive function in children and adolescents. European journal of sport science, 17(8), 1074-1083.
  • Ivarsson, A., Kilhage-Persson, A., Martindale, R., Priestley, D., Huijgen, B., Ardern, C. & McCall, A. (2020). Psychological factors and future performance of football players: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 23(4), 415- 420.
  • Jacobson, J. & Matthaeus, L. (2014). Athletics and executive functioning: How athletic participation and sport type correlate with cognitive performance. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(5), 521-527.
  • Jacques, S. & Zelazo, P. D. (2005). Language and the development of cognitive flexibility: implications for theory of mind. In Why Language Matters for Theory of Mind, Apr, 2002, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; This chapter originated from the aforementioned conference. Oxford University Press.
  • Kalén, A., Bisagno, E., Musculus, L., Raab, M., Pérez-Ferreirós, A., Williams, A. M.,... & Ivarsson, A. (2021). The role of domain-specific and domain-general cognitive functions and skills in sports performance: A metaanalysis. Psychological bulletin, 147(12), 1290.
  • Kerr, A, Zelazo, PD.(2004). Development of “hot executive function: The children´s gambling task. Brain and cognition, Vol.55 (1), 148-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00275-6
  • Knapp, B. (1967). Skill in sport: The attainment of proficiency. London, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  • Koch, P. & Krenn, B. (2021). Executive functions in elite athletes–Comparing open-skill and closed-skill sports and considering the role of athletes' past involvement in both sport categories. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 55, 101925.
  • Krenn, B., Finkenzeller, T., Würth, S. & Amesberger, G. (2018). Sport type determines differences in executive functions in elite athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 38, 72-79.
  • Lagner, P., Kliegel, M., Phillips, L. H., Ihle, A., Hering, A., Ballhausen, N. & Schnitzspahn, K. M. (2015). Mood effects on memory and executive control in a real-life situation. Cognition and Emotion, 29(6), 1107- 1116.
  • Lehto, J. E., Juujärvi, P., Kooistra, L. & Pulkkinen, L. (2003). Dimensions of executive functioning: Evidence from children. British journal of developmental psychology, 21(1), 59-80.
  • Lezak, M.D., Howieson, D.B., Loring, D.W. (1995). Neuropsychological Assessment. Oxford University Press.
  • Liao, K-F., Meng, F-W. & Chen, Y-L. (2017). The relationship between action inhibition and athletic performance in elite badminton players and non-athletes. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 12(3), 574-581. doi: https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2017.123.02
  • Lindahl J., Stenling A., Lindwall M. & Colliander C. (2015) Trends and knowledge base in sport and exercise psychology research: a bibliometric review study, International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 8:1, 71-94, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2015.1019540
  • Losada, J. L. & Manolov, R. (2015). The process of basic training, applied training, maintaining the performance of an observer. Quality & Quantity. 49(1):339-347.
  • Lovecchio, N., Manes, G., Filipas, L., Giuriato, M., Torre, A. L., Iaia, F. M. & Codella, R. (2021). Screening youth soccer players by means of cognitive function and agility testing. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 128(6), 2710-2724.
  • Lundgren, T., Högman, L., Näslund, M. & Parling, T. (2016). Preliminary investigation of executive functions in elite ice hockey players. Journal of clinical sport psychology, 10(4), 324- 335.
  • Lunt, L., Bramham, J., Morris, R. G., Bullock, P. R., Selway, R. P., Xenitidis, K. & David, A. S. (2012). Prefrontal cortex dysfunction and ‘Jumping to Conclusions’: Bias or deficit? Journal of neuropsychology, 6(1), 65-78.
  • Mann, D. T., Williams, A. M., Ward, P. & Janelle, C. M. (2007). Perceptual-cognitive expertise in sport: A metaanalysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29(4), 457- 478.
  • Medina-Cascales, JA., Alarcón-López, F., Castillo-Diaz, A., Cárdenas-Vélez, D. (2019). Efecto del ejercicio y la actividad física sobre las funciones ejecutivas en niños y jóvenes. Una revisión sistemática. Sport TK- Revista Euroamericana de Ciencias del Deporte. Vol. 8 (2) DOI: https://doi.org/10.6018/sportk.391741
  • Meng, F., Li, A., You, Y. & Xie, C. (2019a). Motor expertise modulates unconscious rather than conscious executive control. PeerJ, 7, e6387.
  • Meng, F. W., Yao, Z. F., Chang, E. C. & Chen, Y. L. (2019b). Team sport expertise shows superior stimulus-driven visual attention and motor inhibition. PloS one, 14(5).
  • Miller HV, Barnes JC, Beaver KM. Self-control and health outcomes in a nationally representative sample. American Journal of Health Behavior. 2011; 35(1):15–27.
  • Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A. & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive psychology, 41(1), 49- 100.
  • Möhring, W., Klupp, S., Ludyga, S. & Grob, A. (2022). Executive functions in children engaging in open-and closed-skilled sports. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 102218.
  • Montuori, S., d'Aurizio, G., Foti, F., Liparoti, M., Lardone, A., Pesoli, M., ... & Sorrentino, P. (2019). Executive functioning profiles in elite volleyball athletes: Preliminary results by a sport-specific task switching protocol. Human movement science, 63, 73-81.
  • Musculus, L., Lautenbach, F., Knöbel, S., Reinhard, M. L., Weigel, P., Gatzmaga, N., ... & Pelka, M. (2022). An assist for cognitive diagnostics in soccer: Two valid tasks measuring inhibition and cognitive flexibility in a soccer-specific setting with a soccerspecific motor response. Frontiers in Psychology, 1332.
  • Musch, J. & Grondin, S. (2001). Unequal competition as an impediment to personal development: A review of the relative age effect in sport. Developmental review, 21(2), 147-167.
  • Nougier, V., Stein, J.-F. & Bonnel, A.-M. (1991). Information processing in sport and orienting of attention. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 22, 307–327.
  • Pačesová, P. (2021). Cognitive and Executive Functions of Young Men regarding Sport Activity and Personality Traits. Sustainability, 13(21), 11752.
  • Pačesová, P., Šmela, P. & Nemček, D. (2020). Cognitive functions of female open skill sport athletes, closed skill sport athletes and nonathletes.
  • Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., ... & Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Sys thematic reviews, 10(1), 1-11.
  • Parkin, B. L., Warriner, K. & Walsh, V. (2017a). Gunslingers, poker players, and chickens 1: Decision making under physical performance pressure in elite athletes. Progress in Brain Research, 234, 291-316.
  • Parkin, B. L. & Walsh, V. (2017b). Gunslingers, poker players, and chickens 2: Decision- making under physical performance pressure in subelite athletes. Progress in Brain Research, 234, 317- 338.
  • Petrides, MP. (1996). Lateral frontal cortical contribution to memory. Seminars in the neurosciences, 8, 57-63.
  • Pietraszewski, P., Roczniok, R., Maszczyk, A., Grycmann, P., Roleder, T., Stanula, A., ... & Ponczek, M. (2014). The elements of executive attention in top soccer referees and assistant referees. Journal of human kinetics, 40, 235.
  • Rahimi, A., Roberts, S. D., Baker, J. R. & Wojtowicz, M. (2022). Attention and executive control in varsity athletes engaging in strategic and static sports. Plos one, 17(4), e0266933.
  • Rangeon S., Gilbert W. & Bruner M. (2012) Mapping the World of Coaching Science: A Citation Network Analysis. Journal of Coaching Education, Vol.5 (1) 83-113. DOI: doi.org/10.1123/jce.5.1.83
  • Rincón-Campos, Y. E., Sanchez-Lopez, J., López- Walle, J. M. & Ortiz-Jiménez, X. (2019). Dynamics of executive functions, basic psychological needs, impulsivity, and depressive symptoms in American football players. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 2409.
  • Rusciano, A., Corradini, G. & Stoianov, I. (2017). Neuroplus biofeedback improves attention, resilience, and injury prevention in elite soccer players. Psychophysiology, 54(6), 916–926. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12847
  • Sabarit, A., Reigal, R. E., Morillo-Baro, J. P., Juárez- Ruiz de Mier, R., Franquelo, A., Hernández- Mendo, A.,... & Morales-Sánchez, V. (2020). Cognitive Functioning, Physical Fitness, and Game Performance in a Sample of Adolescent Soccer Players. Sustainability, 12(13), 5245.
  • Sakalidis, K. E., Burns, J., Van Biesen, D., Dreegia, W. & Hettinga, F. J. (2021). The impact of cognitive functions and intellectual impairment on pacing and performance in sports. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 52, 101840.
  • Sakamoto, S., Takeuchi, H., Ihara, N., Ligao, B. & Suzukawa, K. (2018). Possible requirement of executive functions for high performance in soccer. PloS one, 13(8), e0201871.
  • Sanchez-Lopez, J., Fernandez, T., Silva-Pereyra, J., Martinez Mesa, J. A. & Di Russo, F. (2014). Differences in visuo-motor control in skilled vs. novice martial arts athletes during sustained and transient attention tasks: a motor-related cortical potential study. PloS one, 9(3), e91112.
  • Sanchez-Lopez, J., Silva-Pereyra, J. & Fernandez, T. (2016). Sustained attention in skilled and novice martial arts athletes: a study of event-related potentials and current sources. PeerJ, 4, e1614.
  • Sartori, R. F., Mezavilla, D., Nobre, G. C. & Fonseca, R. P. (2020). Do executive functions discriminate sports performance in young soccer athletes? Journal of Human Sport and Exercise.
  • Scharfen, H. E. & Memmert, D. (2019a). Measurement of cognitive functions in experts and elite athletes: A meta‐analytic review. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 33(5), 843-860.
  • Scharfen, H. E. & Memmert, D. (2019b). The relationship between cognitive functions and sport-specific motor skills in elite youth soccer players. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 817.
  • Scharfen, H. E. & Memmert, D. (2021). Cognitive training in elite soccer players: evidence of narrow, but not broad transfer to visual and executive function. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 51(2), 135-145.
  • Schumacher, N., Schmidt, M., Wellmann, K. & Braumann, K. M. (2018). General perceptual cognitive abilities: Age and position in soccer. PloS one, 13(8), e0202627.
  • Shallice, T. & Vallar, G. (1990). The impairment of auditory-verbal short-term storage. Neuropsychological impairments of short-term memory, 11-53.
  • Shields G., Sazma Mª., y Yonelinas AP. (2017). The effects of acute stress on core executive functions: a meta-analysis and comparison with cortisol. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Review, 68, 651-668, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.038.
  • Singer, R. N. (2000). Performance and human factors: Considerations about cognition and attention for self-paced and externally-paced events. Ergonomics, 43(10), 1661-1680.
  • Spanou, M., Stavrou, N., Dania, A. & Venetsanou, F. (2022). Children’s Involvement in Different Sport Types Differentiates Their Motor Competence but Not Their Executive Functions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(9), 5646.
  • Trecroci, A., Duca, M., Cavaggioni, L., Rossi, A., Scurati, R., Longo, S., ... & Formenti, D. (2021). Relationship between cognitive functions and sport-specific physical performance in youth volleyball players. Brain Sciences, 11(2), 227.
  • Turner, M., Ishihara, T., Beranek, P., Turner, K., Fransen, J., Born, P. & Cruickshank, T. (2022). Investigating the role of age and maturation on the association between tennis experience and cognitive function in junior beginner to intermediate-level tennis players. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 17479541211055841.
  • Valenciano Valcarcel, J., Devis-Devis, J., Villamon, M. & Peiro-Velert, C. (2010). Scientific cooperation in the field of Physical Activity and Sport Science in Spain. Revista Española de Documentación Científica, 33(1), 90-105.
  • Van Biesen, D., Mactavish, J., Kerremans, J. & Vanlandewijck, Y. C. (2016a). Cognitive predictors of perfor mance in welltrained table tennis players with intellectual disability. Adapted physical activity quar terly, 33(4), 324-337.
  • Van Biesen, D., Mactavish, J., McCulloch, K., Lenaerts, L. & Vanlandewijck, Y. C. (2016b). Cognitive profile of young welltrained athletes with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 53, 377-390.
  • Van Biesen, D., McCulloch, K., Janssens, L. & Vanlandewijck, Y. C. (2017). The relation between intelli gence and reaction time in tasks with increasing cognitive load among athletes with intellectual im pairment. Intelligence, 64, 45-51.
  • Van Biesen, D., Van Damme, T., Pineda, R. C. & Burns, J. (2022). The impact of intellectual disability and sport expertise on cognitive and executive functions. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 17446295211036331.
  • Van de Water, T., Huijgen, B., Faber, I. & Elferink- Gemser, M. (2017). Assessing cognitive performance in badminton players: a reproducibility and validity study. Journal of human kinetics, 55(1), 149-159.
  • Vaughan, R. S. & Laborde, S. (2021). Attention, working-memory control, workingmemory capacity, and sport performance: The moderating role of athletic expertise. European journal of sport science, 21(2), 240-249.
  • Verburgh, L., Scherder, E. J., van Lange, P. A. & Oosterlaan, J. (2014). Executive functioning in highly talented soccer players. PloS one, 9(3), e91254.
  • Verburgh, L., Scherder, E. J. A., Van Lange, P. A. M. & Oosterlaan, J. (2016). The key to success in elite athletes? Explicit and implicit motor learning in youth elite and non-elite soccer players. Journal of sports sciences, 34(18), 1782-1790.
  • Vestberg, T., Gustafson, R., Maurex, L., Ingvar, M. & Petrovic, P. (2012). Executive functions predict the success of top-soccer players. PloS one, 7(4), e34731.
  • Vestberg, T., Jafari, R., Almeida, R., Maurex, L., Ingvar, M. & Petrovic, P. (2020). Level of play and coach-rated game intelligence are related to performance on design fluency in elite soccer players. Scientific reports, 10(1), 1-10.
  • Vestberg T., Reinebo G., Maurex L., Ingvar M., y Petrovic P. (2017). Core executive functions are associated with sucess in young elite soccer players. PLoS One, 12(2) e0170845.
  • Vestberg, T., Tedeholm, P. G., Ingvar, M., Larsson, A. C. & Petrovic, P. (2021). Executive Functions of Swe dish Counterterror Intervention Unit Applicants and Police Officer Trainees Evaluated with Design Fluency Test. Frontiers in psychology, 724.
  • Voss, M. W., Kramer, A. F., Basak, C., Prakash, R. S. & Roberts, B. (2010). Are expert athletes ‘expert’in the cognitive laboratory? A meta‐analytic review of cognition and sport expertise. Applied cognitive psychology, 24(6), 812-826.
  • Wang, B., Guo, W. & Zhou, C. (2016). Selective enhancement of attentional networks in college table tennis athletes: a preliminary investigation. PeerJ, 4, e2762.
  • Wang, C. H., Chang, C. C., Liang, Y. M., Shih, C. M., Muggleton, N. G. & Juan, C. H. (2013a). Temporal preparation in athletes: a comparison of tennis players and swimmers with sedentary controls. Journal of motor behavior, 45(1), 55-63.
  • Wang, C. H., Chang, C. C., Liang, Y. M., Shih, C. M., Chiu, W. S., Tseng, P.,... & Juan, C. H. (2013b). Open vs. closed skill sports and the modulation of inhibitory control. PloS one, 8(2), e55773.
  • Wang, C. H., Liang, W. K. & Moreau, D. (2020). Differential Modulation of Brain Signal Variability During Cognitive Control in Athletes with Different Domains of Expertise. Neuroscience, 425, 267-279.
  • Wang, C. H. & Tu, K. C. (2017b). Neural correlates of expert behavior during a domainspecific attentional cueing task in badminton players. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 39(3), 209-221.
  • Wang, C. H., Yang, C. T., Moreau, D. & Muggleton, N. G. (2017a). Motor expertise modulates neural oscillations and temporal dynamics of cognitive control. Neuroimage, 158, 260-270.
  • Yongtawee, A., Park, J., Kim, Y. & Woo, M. (2022). Athletes have different dominant cognitive functions depending on type of sport. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 20(1), 1-15.
  • You, Y., Ma, Y., Ji, Z., Meng, F., Li, A. & Zhang, C. (2018). Unconscious response inhibition differences between table tennis athletes and non-athletes. PeerJ, 6, e5548.
  • Yu, Q., Chan, C. C., Chau, B. & Fu, A. S. (2017). Motor skill experience modulates executive control for task switching. Acta psychologica, 180, 88-97.
  • Yu, Q., Chau, B. K., Lam, B. Y., Wong, A. W., Peng, J. & Chan, C. C. (2019). Neural processes of proactive and reactive controls modulated by motor-skill experiences. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 13, 404.
  • Yu, M. & Liu, Y. (2021). Differences in executive function of the attention network between athletes from in terceptive and strategic sports. Journal of Motor Behavior, 53(4), 419-430.
  • Zelazo, PD, Müller, U. (2002) Executive function in typical and atypical development. Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Development. Wiley Online Library.