Recent improvements in mesoscale characterization of the western Mediterranean Seasynergy between satellite altimetry and other observational approaches

  1. ANANDA PASCUAL 1
  2. JÉRÔME BOUFFARD 2
  3. SIMÓN RUIZ 1
  4. BRUNO BUONGIORNO NARDELLI 3
  5. ENRIQUE VIDAL-VIJANDE 1
  6. ROMAIN ESCUDIER 1
  7. JUAN MANUEL SAYOL 1
  8. ALEJANDRO ORFILA 1
  1. 1 Instituto Mediterraneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), C/ Miquel Marquès, 21, 07190 Esporles, Spain.
  2. 2 Aix-Marseille University, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography(M I O), 13288, Marseille, Cedex 9, France; Université du Sud Toulon-Var, 83957, La Garde Cedex, France CNRS-INSU/IRD UM 110.
  3. 3 Istituto di Scienze dell’Atmosfera e del Clima, Roma, Italy. Istituto per l’Ambiente Marino Costiero, Napoli, Italy.
Mostrar afiliaciones +
Revista:
Scientia Marina

ISSN: 0214-8358

Año de publicación: 2013

Volumen: 77

Número: 1

Páginas: 19-36

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.3989/SCIMAR.03740.15A DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: Scientia Marina

Objetivos de desarrollo sostenible

Resumen

Avances recientes en la caracterización de la mesoescala en la cuenca mediterránea occidental: sinergias entre altimetría y otros sistemas de observación. – La altimetría satelitaria es una componente clave del sistema de observación global y juega un papel importante en el estudio de los procesos de mesoescala que impulsan la mayor parte de la variabilidad de la circulación oceánica en las latitudes medias y altas. Sin embargo, la altimetría por satélite sólo proporciona información superficial y con una resolución espacio- temporal limitada. Para hacer frente a estas limitaciones, es necesario complementar los datos de altimetría con otras medidas. Este estudio proporciona una actualización de los avances recientes en el estudio de la variabilidad de mesoescala utilizando una combinación de observaciones altimétricas con otros datos independientes en el Mediterráneo Occidental. La circulación en esta zona es compleja debido a la presencia de múltiples escalas interactuando entre ellas: cuenca, sub-cuenca y estructuras de mesoescala. Por tanto, la caracterización de estos procesos requiere de alta resolución en las observaciones y de enfoques multi-sensoriales. En este trabajo, presentamos una revisión de diversos experimentos multi-plataforma que se han diseñado y llevado a cabo en los diferentes sub-cuencas del Mediterráneo occidental durante los últimos años. Estos estudios han demostrado las ventajas de los enfoques sinérgicos y métodos innovadores que utilizan una combinación de técnicas de observación, y que son capaces de mejorar nuestra comprensión de la dinámica de mesoescala

€ Ver financiación

Información de financiación

Financiadores

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Allen, J.T., Smeed D.A., Tintoré J., Ruiz S. 2001. Mesoscale subduction at the Almeria-Oran front. Part 1: Agesotrophic flow. J. Mar. Syst. 30: 263-285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(01)00062-8
  • Anzenhofer M., Shum C.K., Rentsh M. 1999. Coastal altimetry and applications, Geodetic Science and Surveying. Tech. Rep. n. 464. The Ohio State University Columbus, USA.
  • Astraldi M., Gasparini G.P. 1994. The seasonal characteristics of the circulation in the Tyrrhenian Sea. In: La Violette P.E. (ed.), Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the Western Mediterranean Sea. American Geophysical Union, Coast. Estuar. Stud. 46, pp. 115-134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/CE046p0115
  • Astraldi M., Balopoulos S., Candela J., Font J., Gacic M., Gasparini G.P., Manca B., Theocharis A., Tintoré J. 1999. The role of straits and channels in understanding the characteristics of Mediterranean circulation. Prog. Oceanogr. 44(1-3): 65-108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(99)00021-X
  • Ayoub N., Le Traon P.Y., De Mey P. 1998. Combining ERS-1 and T/P data to observe the variable oceanic circulation in the Mediterranean Sea. 1998. J. Mar. Syst. 18: 3-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(98)80004-3
  • Baldacci A., Corsini G., Grasso R., Manzella G., Allen J.T., Cipollini P., Guymer T. H., Snaith H.M. 2001. A study of the Alboran Sea mesoscale system by means of empirical orthogonal function decomposition of satellite data. J. Mar. Syst. 29(1-4): 293-311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(01)00021-5
  • Béranger K., Mortier L., Gasparini G.-P., Gervasio L., Astraldi M., Crépon M. 2004. The dynamics of the Sicily Strait: A comprehensive study from observations and models. Deep Sea Res. II 51: 411-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2003.08.004
  • Bethoux J.P., Gentili B., 1999. Functioning of the Mediterranean sea: past and present changes related to freshwater input and climate changes. J. Mar. Syst. 20(1-4): 33-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(98)00069-4
  • Birol, F., Cancet M., Estournel C. 2010. Aspects of the seasonal variability of the Northern Current (NW Mediterranean Sea) observed by altimetry. J. Mar. Syst. 81(4): 297-311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2010.01.005
  • Bouffard J., Pascual A., Ruiz S., Faugère Y., Tintoré J. 2010. Coastal and mesoscale dynamics characterization using altimetry and gliders: A case study in the Balearic Sea. J. Geophys. Res. 115(10): C10029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JC006087
  • Bouffard J., Vignudelli S., Cipollini P., Menard Y. 2008a. Exploiting the potential of an improved multimission altimetric data set over the coastal ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35(10): L10601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033488
  • Bouffard J., Vignudelli S., Herrmann M., Lyard F., Marsaleix P., Ménard Y., Cipollini P. 2008b. Comparison of ocean dynamics with a regional circulation model and improved altimetry in the North-Western Mediterranean. Terrestr. Atmosph. Ocean. Sci. 19(1-2): 117-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3319/TAO.2008.19.1-2.117(SA)
  • Bouffard J. 2007. Amélioration de l'altimétrie côtière appliquée à l'étude de la circulation dans la partie nord du bassin occidental méditerranéen (in French). PhD thesis under the supervision of Y. Ménard and P. De Mey.
  • Cazenave A., Royer J.Y., 2001. Application of satellite altimetry to marine geophysics. In: Fu L.-L., Cazenave A. (eds), Satellite Altimetry and Earth Sciences. Elsevier, New York. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0074-6142(01)80156-X
  • Chelton, D.B., Schlax M.G., Samelson R.M., de Szoeke R.A. 2007: Global observations of large oceanic eddies. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34: L15606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030812
  • Chelton D.B., Schlax M.G., Samelson R.M. 2011a. Global observations of nonlinear mesoscale eddies Prog. Oceanogr. 91(2): 167-216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2011.01.002
  • Chelton D.B., Gaube P., Schlax M.G., Early J.J., Samelson R.M. 2011b. The influence of nonlinear mesoscale eddies on nearsurface oceanic chlorophyll. Science 334(6054): 328-332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1208897 PMid:21921157
  • Cipollini P., Vignudelli S., Lyard F., Roblou L. 2008. 15 Years of Altimetry at Various Scales over the Mediterranean. In: Barale V., Gade M. (eds), Remote Sensing of European Seas. Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6772-3_22 PMCid:2892351
  • Cipollini P., Benveniste J., Bouffard J., Emery W., Gommenginger C., Griffin D., Høyer J., Madsen K., Mercier F., Miller L., Pascual A., Shillington F., Snaith H., Strub T., Vandemark D., Vignudelli S., Wilkin J., Woodworth P., Zavala-Garay J. 2010. The Role of altimetry in coastal observing systems. In: Hall J., Harrison D.E., Stammer D. (eds), Proceedings of OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society (Vol. 2), ESA Publication WPP-306.
  • Dibarboure G., Renaudie C., Pujol M.I., Labroue S., Picot N. 2012. A demonstration of the potential of Cryosat-2 to contribute to mesoscale observation, Adv. Space Res. 50(8): 1046-1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2011.07.002
  • d'Ovidio, F., Isern-Fontanet J., López C., Hernández-García E., García-Ladona E. 2009. Comparison between Eulerian diagnostics and finite-size Lyapunov exponents computed from altimetry in the Algerian basin, Deep-Sea Res. I 56(1): 15-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.07.014
  • Dussurget R., Birol F., Morrow R., De Mey P. 2011. Fine resolution altimetry data for a regional application in the Bay of Biscay. Mar. Geod. 34(3-4): 447-476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490419.2011.584835
  • Drinkwater M.R., Rebhan H. 2007. Sentinel-3: Mission Requirements Document. EOP-SMO/1151/MD-md.
  • Escudier R., Bouffard J., Pascual A., Poulain P.-M., Pujol M.-I. 2013. Improvement of coastal and mesoscale observation from space: Application to the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Geophys. Res. Lett. in review. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/grl.50324
  • Flexas, M. M., Gomis D., Ruiz S., Pascual A., León P., 2006. In situ and satellite observations of the eastward migration of the Western Alborán Basin Gyre. Prog. Oceanogr. 70(2-4): 486-509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2006.03.017
  • Font J., Isern-Fontanet J., Salas J.J. 2004. Tracking a big anticyclonic eddy in the western Mediterranean Sea. Sci. Mar. 68(3): 331-342.
  • Herbaut C., Martel F., Crépon M., 1997. A sensitivity study of the general circulation of the Western Mediterranean Sea. Part II: the response to atmospheric forcing. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 27(10): 2126-2144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<2126:ASSOTG>2.0.CO;2
  • Herrmann M., Bouffard J., Béranger K. 2009. Monitoring open-ocean deep convection from space. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36: L03606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036422
  • Hodges B.A., Fratantoni D.M. 2009. A thin layer of phytoplankton observed in the Philippine Sea with a synthetic moored array of autonomous gliders. J. Geophys. Res. 114: C10020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005317
  • Hoskins B.J., Draghici I., Davies H.C. 1978. A new look at the omega-equation, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 104: 31-38.
  • Isern-Fontanet J., García-Ladona E., Font J. 2006. Vortices of the Mediterranean Sea: An altimetric perspective, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 36(1): 87-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JPO2826.1
  • Iudicone D., Santoleri R., Marullo S., Gerosa P. 1998. Sea level variability and surface eddy statistics in the Mediterranean Sea from TOPEX/POSEIDON data. J. Geophys. Res. 103(C2): 2995-3011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97JC01577
  • Jordi A., Basterretxea G., Anglés S. 2009. Influence of ocean circulation on phytoplankton biomass distribution in the Balearic Sea: Study based on Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor and altimetry satellite data, J. Geophys. Res. 114(11): C11005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005301
  • Klein P., Isern-Fontanet J., Lapeyre G., Roullet G., Danioux E., Chapron B., Le Gentil S., Sasaki H. 2009. Diagnosis of vertical velocities in the upper ocean from high-resolution sea surface height. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36: L12603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038359
  • Larnicol G., Ayoub N., Le Traon P. Y. 2002. Major changes in Mediterranean Sea level variability from 7 years of TOPEX/ Poseidon and ERS-1/2 data, J. Mar. Syst. 33: 63-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00053-2
  • La Violette, P.E. 1984. The advection of submesoscale thermal features in the Alborán Basin gyre. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 14: 550-565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1984)014<0550:TAOSTF>2.0.CO;2
  • Leaman, K., Schott, F. 1991. Hydrographic structure of the convection regime in the gulf of Lions - 1987. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 21(4): 575-598 http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1991)021<0575:HSOTCR>2.0.CO;2
  • Le Traon P.-Y., Morrow R. 2001. Ocean currents and eddies. In: Fu L.-L., Cazenave A. (eds), Satellite Altimetry and Earth Sciences. Elsevier, New York. pp. 171-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0074-6142(01)80148-0
  • Lévy M., Klein P., Ben Jelloul M. 2009. New production stimulated by high-frequency winds in a turbulent mesoscale eddy field. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36(16): L16603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039490
  • Macias, D., Bruno M., Echevarria F., Vazquez A., Garcia C.M. 2008. Meteorologically-induced mesoscale variability of the northwestern Alborán Sea (southern Spain) and related biological patterns. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 78: 250-266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.12.008
  • Marullo S., Santoleri R., Bignami F. 1994. The surface characteristics of the Tyrrhenian Sea. In: La Violette, P.E. (ed.), Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the Western Mediterranean Sea. American Geophysical Union, 1994, pp. 135-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/CE046p0135
  • MEDOC Group. 1970. Observation of formation of deep water in the Mediterranean sea in 1969. Nature 227: 1037-1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2271037a0
  • Millot C., Wald L. 1980. The effect of the Mistral wind on the Ligurian current near Provence. Oceanol Acta. 3(4): 399-402.
  • Millot C. The Gulf of Lions' hydrodynamics, Cont. Shelf Res. 10: 885-894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(90)90065-T
  • Millot C. 1999. Circulation in the Western Mediterranean Sea. J. Mar. Syst. 20: 423-442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(98)00078-5
  • Millot C., Taupier-Letage I. 2004. Circulation in the Mediterrean Sea. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 1 (The Natural Environment and the Biological Cycles), Springer-Verlag.
  • Navarro G., Vázquez Á., Macías D., Bruno M, Ruiz J. 2011. Understanding the patterns of biological response to physical forcing in the Alborán Basin (western Mediterranean), Geophys. Res. Lett. 38: L23606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011GL049708
  • Olita A., Ribotti A., Sorgente R., Fazioli L., Perilli A. 2011. Sla-chlorophyll-a variability and covariability in the Algero-Provencal basin (1997-2007) through combined use of EOF and wavelet analysis of satellite data. Ocean Dyn. 61(1): 89-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10236-010-0344-9
  • Pascual A., Buongiorno Nardelli B., Larnicol G., Emelianov M., Gomis D. 2002. A case of an intense anticyclonic eddy in the Balearic Sea (western Mediterranean), J. Geophys. Res. 107(11): 3183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JC000913
  • Pascual A., Gomis D. 2003. Use of surface data to estimate geostrophic transport, J. Atmos. Oceanic. Technol. 20(6): 912-926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<0912:UOSDTE>2.0.CO;2
  • Pascual A., Faugère Y., Larnicol G., Le Traon P.-Y. 2006. Improved description of the ocean mesoscale variability by combining four satellite altimeters, Geophys. Res. Lett. 33: L02611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024633
  • Pascual A., Pujol M.I., Larnicol G., Le Traon P.Y., Rio M.H. 2007. Mesoscale mapping capabilities of multisatellite altimeter missions: First results with real data in the Mediterranean Sea. J. Mar. Syst. 65(1-4): 190-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2004.12.004
  • Pascual A., Ruiz S., Tintoré J. 2010. Combining new and conventional sensors to study the Balearic Current. Sea Tech. 51(7): 32-36.
  • Pinot J. M., López-Jurado J. L., Riera M. 2002. The canales experiment (1996-1998). interannual, seasonal, and mesoscale variability of the circulation in the Balearic channels. Prog. Oceanogr. 55(3-4): 335 -370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00139-8
  • Petrenko A., Leredde Y., Marsaleix P. 2005. Circulation in a stratified and wind forced Gulf of Lions, NW Mediterranean Sea: in-situ and modeling data. Cont. Shelf Res. 25: 7-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2004.09.004
  • Poulain P.M., Zambianchi E. 2007. Near-surface circulation in the central Mediterranean Sea as deduced from Lagrangian drifters in the 1990s. Cont. Shelf Res. 27(7): 981-1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2007.01.005
  • Pujol M.I., Larnicol G. 2005. Mediterranean sea eddy kinetic energy variability from 11 years of altimetric data. J. Mar. Syst. 58(3-4): 121-142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.07.005
  • Rinaldi E., Nardelli B.B., Zambianchi E., Santoleri R., Poulain P.M. 2010. Lagrangian and Eulerian observations of the surface circulation in the Tyrrhenian Sea. J. Geophys. Res. 115: C04024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005535
  • Rio M.H., Poulain P.M., Pascual A., Mauri E., Larnicol G., Santoleri R. 2007. A Mean Dynamic Topography of the Mediterranean Sea computed from altimetric data, in-situ measurements and a general circulation model. J. Mar. Syst. 65(1-4): 484-508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.02.006
  • Robinson A., Golnaraghi M. 1994. Ocean Processes in Climate Dynamics: Global and Mediterranean examples, The physical and dynamical oceanography of the Mediterranean Sea. Kluwer Academic Publishing.
  • Robinson A., Leslie W., Theocharis A., Lascaratos, A. 2001. Mediterranean Sea Circulation. In: Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences. Academic Press Ltd., pp. 1689-1706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/rwos.2001.0376
  • Roblou L., Lamouroux J., Bouffard J., Le Henaff M., Lombard A., Marsaleix P., De Mey P. 2011. Post-processing altimeter data toward coastal applications and integration into coastal models. In: Vignudelli S., Kostianoy A.G., Cipollini P., Benveniste J. (eds), Coastal Altimetry. Springer-Verlag, pp. 217-246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12796-0_9
  • Ruiz S., Font J., Emelianov M., Isern-Fontanet J., Millot C., Salas J., Taupier-Letage I. 2002. Deep structure of an open sea eddy in the Algerian Basin. J. Mar. Syst. 33-34: 179-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00058-1
  • Ruiz S., Pascual A., Garau B., Faugère Y., Alvarez A., Tintoré J. 2009a. Mesoscale dynamics of the Balearic Front, integrating glider, ship and satellite data, J. Mar. Syst. 78: S3-S16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2009.01.007
  • Ruiz S., Pascual A., Garau B., Pujol I., Tintoré J. 2009b. Vertical motion in the upper ocean from glider and altimetry data, Geophys. Res. Lett. 36(14): L14607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038569
  • Ruiz S., Renault L., Garau B., Tintoré J. 2012. Underwater glider observations and modeling of an abrupt mixing event in the upper ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett. 39: L01603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050078
  • Salas J., Millot C., Font J., García-Ladona E. 2002. Analysis of mesoscale phenomena in the Algerian Basin observed with drifting buoys and infrared images. Deep-Sea Res. I, 49(2): 245-266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(01)00052-8
  • Siegel D.A., Peterson P., McGillicuddy D.J. Jr., Maritorena S., Nelson N.B. 2011. Biooptical footprints created by mesoscale eddies in the Sargasso Sea. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38: L13608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047660
  • Swenson M.S., Niiler P.P. 1996. Statistical analysis of the surface circulation of the California Current, J. Geophys. Res. 101: 22631-22645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96JC02008
  • Tintoré J., La Violette P., Blade I., Cruzado A. 1988. A study of an intense density front in the eastern Alboran sea: the Almería-Oran front. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 18(10): 1384-1397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1988)018<1384:ASOAID>2.0.CO;2
  • Tintoré J., Vizoso G., Casas B., Ruiz S., Heslop E., Renault L., Oguz T., Garau B., Pascual A., Martínez-Ledesma M., Gómez- Pujol L., Álvarez-Ellacuría A., Orfila A., Alemany F., Álvarez-Berastegui D., Reglero P., Massuti E., Vélez-Belchí P., Ruiz J., Gómez M., Álvarez E., Manriquez M. 2012. SOCIB: the impact of new marine infrastructures in understanding and forecasting the Mediterranean Sea. In Designing Med-SHIP: a Program forrepeated oceanographic surveys. N° 43 in CIESM Workshop Monographs [F. Briand Ed.], 164 pages, Monaco.
  • Vargas-Yanez M., Plaza F., García-Lafuente J., Sarhan T., Vargas J.M., Vélez-Belchí P. 2002. About the seasonal variability of the Alborán Sea circulation. J. Mar. Syst. 35: 229-248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00128-8
  • Verron J., Bahurel P., Vincent P. 2001. AltiKa: Etude de la circulation oceanique mesoechelle par altimetrie en bande Ka sur microsatellite, CNES Research proposal.
  • Vidal-Vijande E., Pascual A., Barnier B., Molines J.-M., Tintoré J. 2011. Analysis of a 44-year hindcast for the Mediterranean sea: comparison with altimetry and in situ observations. Sci. Mar. 75(1): 71-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2011.75n1071
  • Vignudelli S., Gasparini G.P., Astraldi M., Schiano M.E. 1999. A possible influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation on the circulation of the Western Mediterranean Sea. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26(5): 623-626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999GL900038
  • Vignudelli S., Cipollini P., Astraldi M., Gasparini G.P., Manzella G. 2000. Integrated use of altimeter and in situ data for understanding the water exchanges between the Tyrrhenian and Ligurian Seas. J. Geophys. Res. 105(C8): 19649-19663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JC900083
  • Vignudelli S., Cipollini P., Reseghetti F., Fusco G., Gasparini G.P., Manzella G. 2003. Comparison between XBT data and TOPEX/Poseidon satellite altimetry in the Ligurian-Tyrrhenian area. Ann. Geophys. 21: 123-135. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-21-123-2003
  • Vignudelli S., Cipollini P., Roblou L., Lyard F., Gasparini G.P., Manzella G., Astraldi M. 2005. Improved satellite altimetry in coastal systems: Case study of the Corsica channel (Mediterranean sea). Geophys. Res. Lett. 32(7): L07608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022602
  • Viúdez A., Pinot J.M., Haney R.L. 1998. On the upper layer circulation in the Alboran Sea. J. Geophys. Res. 103(C): 21653-21666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98JC01082
  • Wüst G. 1961. On the vertical circulation of the Mediterranean sea. J. Geophys. Res. 66(10): 3261-3271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JZ066i010p03261
  • Wu P., Haines K. 1996. Modeling the dispersal of Levantine Intermediate Water and its role in Mediterranean deep water formation. J. Geophys. Res. 101(C3): 6591-6607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95JC03555
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet