Fact-checking in SpainPerception and trust

  1. Dafne Calvo 1
  2. Lidia Valera-Ordaz 1
  3. Marina Requena i Mora 2
  4. Germán Llorca-Abad 1
  1. 1 Universitat de València
    info

    Universitat de València

    Valencia, España

    ROR https://ror.org/043nxc105

  2. 2 Universitat Jaume I
    info

    Universitat Jaume I

    Castelló de la Plana, España

    ROR https://ror.org/02ws1xc11

Zeitschrift:
Catalan journal of communication & cultural studies

ISSN: 1757-1898

Datum der Publikation: 2022

Ausgabe: 14

Nummer: 2

Seiten: 287-305

Art: Artikel

DOI: 10.1386/CJCS_00073_1 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR

Andere Publikationen in: Catalan journal of communication & cultural studies

Ziele für nachhaltige Entwicklung

Zusammenfassung

The purpose of this article is to analyse the perceptions, social discourses and practices regarding the verification processes of the information consumed in the context of the information disorder that societies are experiencing. To do this, we created seven discussion groups structured around the variables age, position in the social structure and political ideology. We found that (1) there is a shared perception about how disinformation compromises one of the basic pillars of democracy; (2) this perception contradicts the few practices used to verify the information consumed; (3) macro-structural changes that generate a climate of less polarization, more critical education and regulation of information practices are put forward as solutions to disinformation and the circulation of false information.

€ Finanzierung ansehen

Informationen zur Finanzierung

Geldgeber

  • Ecology of disinformation: The construction of fake news and its impact on the public space
    • AICO2020/224
  • Disinformation flows, polarization and crisis of media intermediation
    • PID2020-113574RB-I00

Bibliographische Referenzen

  • Aird, M. J.,, Ecker, U. K.,, Swire, B.,, Berinsky, A. J., and Lewandowsky, S.. ( 2018;), ‘ Does truth matter to voters? The effects of correcting political misinformation in an Australian sample. ’, Royal Society Open Science, 5:12, pp. 2–14. [Google Scholar]
  • Amazeen, M. A.. ( 2019;), ‘ Practitioner perceptions: Critical junctures and the global emergence and challenges of fact-checking. ’, International Communication Gazette, 81:6–8, pp. 541–61, https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048518817674. Accessed 9 November 2021.
  • Bakir, V., and McStay, A.. ( 2018;), ‘ Fake news and the economy of emotions: Problems, causes, solutions. ’, Digital Journalism, 6:2, pp. 154–75, https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1345645. Accessed 10 November 2021.
  • Baptista, J. P.,, Correia, E.,, Gradim, A., and Piñeiro-Naval, V.. ( 2021;), ‘ The influence of political ideology on fake news belief: The Portuguese case. ’, Publications, 9:2, pp. 1–17, https://doi.org/10.3390/publications9020023. Accessed 11 November 2021.
  • Barrera, O.,, Guriev, S.,, Henry, E., and Zhuravskaya, E.. ( 2020;), ‘ Facts, alternative facts, and fact checking in times of post-truth politics. ’, Journal of Public Economics, 182, pp. 104–23.
  • Bennett, W. L., and Livingston, S.. ( 2018;), ‘ The disinformation order: Disruptive communication and the decline of democratic institutions. ’, European Journal of Communication, 33:2, pp. 122–39, https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118760317. Accessed 12 November 2021.
  • Bernal-Triviño, A., and Clares-Gavilán, J.. ( 2019;), ‘ Uso del móvil y las redes sociales como canales de verificación de fake news. El caso de Maldita.es. ’, Profesional de la Información, 28:3, pp. 1–8.
  • Brandtzaeg, P. B., and Følstad, A.. ( 2017;), ‘ Trust and distrust in online fact-checking services. ’, Communications of the ACM, 60:9, pp. 65–71, https://doi.org/10.1145/3122803. Accessed 11 November 2021.
  • Bourdieu, P.. ( 1988), Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, Madrid:: Taurus;.
  • Clayton, K.,, Blair, S.,, Busam, J. A.,, Forstner, S.,, Glance, J.,, Green, G.,, Kawata, A.,, Kovvuri, A.,, Martin, J.,, Morgan, E.,, Sandhu, M.,, Sang, R.,, Scholz-Bright, R.,, Welch, A. T.,, Wolff, A. G.,, Zhou, A., and Nyhan, B.. ( 2020;), ‘ Real solutions for fake news? Measuring the effectiveness of general warnings and fact-check tags in reducing belief in false stories on social media. ’, Political Behavior, 42:4, pp. 1073–95, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-019-09533-0. Accessed 12 November 2021.
  • Delli Carpini, M., and Williams, B. A.. ( 2011), After Broadcasting News, New York:: Cambridge;.
  • De Lucas, A.. ( 1995), Opposition Report: Teaching Project: Sociology of Consumption and Market Research, inédito;, (unpublished) .
  • Dias, N., and Sippitt, A.. ( 2020;), ‘ Researching fact checking: Present limitations and future opportunities. ’, Political Quarterly, 91:3, pp. 605–13, https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12892. Accessed 8 November 2021.
  • Ecker, U. K.,, O’Reilly, Z.,, Reid, J. S., and Chang, E. P.. ( 2020;), ‘ The effectiveness of short-format refutational fact-checks. ’, British Journal of Psychology, 111:1, pp. 36–54.
  • Flew, T.. ( 2019;), ‘ Digital communication, the crisis of trust, and the post-global. ’, Communication Research and Practice, 5:1, pp. 4–22, https://doi.org/10.1080/22041451.2019.1561394. Accessed 15 November 2021.
  • Foucault, M.. ( 2002), Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, Buenos Aires:: Siglo XXI Editores Argentina;.
  • Galtung, J.. ( 2016;), ‘ La violencia: Cultural, estructural y directa. ’, Cuadernos de estrategia, 183:3, pp. 147–68.
  • Gray, J.,, Bounegru, L., and Venturini, T.. ( 2020;), ‘ “Fake news” as infrastructural uncanny. ’, New Media & Society, 22:2, pp. 317–41, https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819856912. Accessed 8 November 2021.
  • Gunther, R.,, Montero, J. R., and Wert J. I.. ( 2000;), ‘ The media and politics in Spain: From dictatorship to democracy. ’, in R. Gunther, and A. Mughan. (eds), Democracy and the Media: A Comparative Perspective, Cambridge:: Cambridge University Press;, pp. 28–84.
  • Hall, S.. ( 1997;), ‘ The work of representation. ’, in S. Hall. (ed.), Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, London:: Sage;, pp. 13–74.
  • Hameleers, M., and van der Meer, T. G. L. A.. ( 2020;), ‘ Misinformation and polarization in a high-choice media environment: How effective are political fact-checkers?. ’, Communication Research, 47:2, pp. 227–50, https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650218819671. Accessed 18 November 2021.
  • Himma-Kadakas, M.. ( 2017;), ‘ Alternative facts and fake news entering journalistic content production cycle. ’, Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 9:2, pp. 25–40, https://doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v9i2.5469. Accessed 11 November 2021.
  • Humanes, M. L.. ( 2014;), ‘ Selective exposure and partisanship of audiences in Spain: The consumption of political information during the 2008 election campaigns. ’, Palabra Clave, 17:3, pp. 773–802.
  • Ibáñez, J.. ( 1979), Beyond Sociology: The Focus Group: Technique and Ccritique, Madrid:: Siglo XXI;.
  • López Pan, F., and Rodríguez Rodríguez, J. M.. ( 2020;), ‘ Fact checking in Spain: Platforms, practices and distinctive features. ’, Estudios sobre el mensaje periodístico, 26:3, pp. 1045–65.
  • Lyons, B.,, Mérola, V.,, Reifler, J., and Stoeckel, F.. ( 2020;), ‘ How politics shape views toward fact-checking: Evidence from six European countries. ’, International Journal of Press/Politics, 25:3, pp. 46–92, https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161220921732. Accessed 15 November 2021.
  • Martín Llaguno, M., and Berganza Conde, R.. ( 2001;), ‘ Voters and media in the 1996 Spanish national elections: Selective exposure or media influence?. ’, Comunicación y Sociedad, 14:1, pp. 51–70.
  • Nyhan, B.,, Porter, E.,, Reifler, J., and Wood, T. J.. ( 2020;), ‘ Taking fact-checks literally but not seriously? The effects of journalistic fact-checking on factual beliefs and candidate favorability. ’, Political Behavior, 42:3, pp. 939–60, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-019-09528-x. Accessed 14 November 2021.
  • Palau-Sampio, D.. ( 2018;), ‘ Fact-checking and scrutiny of power: Supervision of public discourses in new media platforms from Latin America. ’, Communication & Society, 31:3, pp. 347–65.
  • Pingree, R. J.,, Watson, B.,, Sui, M.,, Searles, K.,, Kalmoe, N. P.,, Darr, J. P.,, Santia, M., and Bryanov, K.. ( 2018;), ‘ Checking facts and fighting back: Why journalists should defend their profession. ’, PLoS ONE, 13:12, pp. 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208600. Accessed 18 November 2021.
  • Robertson, C. T.,, Mourão, R. R., and Thorson, E.. ( 2020;), ‘ Who uses fact-checking sites? The impact of demographics, political antecedents, and media use on fact-checking site awareness, attitudes, and behavior. ’, International Journal of Press/Politics, 25:2, pp. 217–37, https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161219898055. Accessed 14 November 2021.
  • Shao, C.,, Ciampaglia, G. L.,, Varol, O.,, Yang, K. C.,, Flammini, A., and Menczer, F.. ( 2018;), ‘ The spread of low-credibility content by social bots. ’, Nature Communications, 9:1, pp. 1–9.
  • Shin, J., and Thorson, K.. ( 2017;), ‘ Partisan selective sharing: The biased diffusion of fact-checking messages on social media. ’, Journal of Communication, 67:2, pp. 233–55, https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12284. Accessed 18 November 2021.
  • Singer, J. B.. ( 2020;), ‘ Border patrol: The rise and role of fact-checkers and their challenge to journalists’ normative boundaries. ’, Journalism, pp. 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920933137. Accessed 11 November 2021.
  • Tompkins, J.. ( 2019;), ‘ Disinformation detection: A review of linguistic feature selection and classification models in news veracity assessments. ’, arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.12073, 26 October, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.12073. Accessed 10 November 2021.
  • Uscinski, J. E., and Butler, R. W.. ( 2013;), ‘ The epistemology of fact checking. ’, Critical Review, 25:2, pp. 162–80, https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2013.843872. Accessed 10 November 2021.
  • Vosoughi, S.,, Roy, D., and Aral, S.. ( 2018;), ‘ The spread of true and false news online. ’, Science, 359, pp. 1146–51, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559. Accessed 10 November 2021.
  • Walter, N.,, Cohen, J.,, Holbert, R. L., and Morag, Y.. ( 2020;), ‘ Fact-checking: A meta-analysis of what works and for whom. ’, Political Communication, 37:3, pp. 350–75.
  • Wardle, C.. ( 2018;), ‘ The need for smarter definitions and practical, timely empirical research on information disorder. ’, Digital Journalism, 6:8, pp. 951–63, https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2018.1502047. Accessed 14 November 2021.
  • Wardle, C., and Derakhshan, H.. ( 2017), Information Disorder: Toward an Interdisciplinary Framework for Research and Policy Making, Brussels:: Council of Europe Report;.
  • Weidner, K.,, Beuk, F., and Bal, A.. ( 2019;), ‘ Fake news and the willingness to share: A schemer schema and confirmatory bias perspective. ’, Journal of Product & Brand Management, 29:2, pp. 180–87.
  • Wood, T., and Porter, E.. ( 2018;), ‘ The elusive backfire effect: Mass attitudes’ steadfast factual adherence. ’, Political Behavior, 41, pp. 135–63, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-018-9443-y. Accessed 12 November 2021.
  • Valera-Ordaz, L.,, Requena-i-Mora, M.,, Calvo, D., and López-García, G.. ( 2022;), ‘ Unraveling disinformation: Notions and discourses from the Spanish population. ’, Comunicar, 72, pp. 21–32. https://doi.org/10.3916/C72-2022-02. Accessed 22 September 2022.
  • Vázquez-Herrero, J.,, Vizoso, Á., and López-García, X.. ( 2019;), ‘ Innovación tecnológica y comunicativa para combatir la desinformación: 135 experiencias para un cambio de rumbo. ’, El profesional de la información, 28:3, pp. 1–12.
  • Calvo, Dafne,, Valera-Ordaz, Lidia,, Requena i Mora, Marina, and Llorca-Abad, Germán. ( 2022;), ‘ Fact-checking in Spain: Perception and trust. ’, Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies, 14:2, pp. 287–305, https://doi.org/10.1386/cjcs_00073_1
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet