Análisis de la relación entre la victimización y la violencia escolarel rol de la reputación antisocial

  1. Estévez López, Estefanía
  2. Inglés Saura, Cándido J.
  3. Emler, Nicholas
  4. Martínez Monteagudo, Mari Carmen
  5. Torregrosa Díez, María Soledad
Revista:
Psychosocial Intervention

ISSN: 1132-0559

Año de publicación: 2012

Volumen: 21

Número: 1

Páginas: 53-66

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.5093/IN2012V21N1A3 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: Psychosocial Intervention

Resumen

Estudios previos han identificado dos subgrupos de víctimas de violencia escolar. Un primer subgrupo lo componen la mayoría de víctimas que se caracterizan por su respuesta pasiva y sumisa ante los ataques, mientras que un menor porcentaje, aunque en mayor riesgo de desajuste psicosocial, combina la victimización con un comportamiento desafiante, hostil y agresivo. El presente estudio se centra en el segundo caso, con el objeto de analizar los posibles factores influyentes en el proceso de transición de la victimización a la implicación en conductas agresivas en el contexto escolar. La premisa de partida se fundamenta en la teoría propuesta originalmente por Emler, que sostiene que la percepción de desprotección de la víctima en la situación de intimidación, puede resultar en la búsqueda de una reputación antisocial que le ayude a auto-defenderse ante futuros ataques, una imagen social que se configura precisamente con la implicación en actos violentos. Para analizar estas relaciones, se utilizó una muestra de 1795 adolescentes de entre 11 y 18 años, escolarizados en nueve centros de educación secundaria obligatoria. Para el análisis de los datos, se calculó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales que confirmó la hipótesis de partida.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • E. Andreou Bully/Victim problems and their association with psychological constructs in 8-to 12-year old Greek schoolchildren Aggressive Behavior 26 2000 49 56
  • J.L. Arbuckle Amos 6.0 User's Guide 2005 SPSS Inc Chicago, IL
  • F.L. Atienza, D. Pons, I. Balaguer, and M. García-Merita Propiedades psicométricas de la escala de satisfacción con la vida en adolescentes Psicothema 12 2000 314 320
  • S. Austin, and S. Joseph Assessment of bully/victim problems in 8 to 11 years old British Journal of Educational Psychology 66 1996 447 456
  • M. Barry Youth offending in transition: The search for social recognition 2006 Routledge London
  • M.J. Boulton, and P.K. Smith Bully/victim problems in middle-school children: Stability, self-perceived competence, peer perceptions, and peer acceptance British Journal of Developmental Psychology 12 1994 315 329
  • B.K. Bryant An Index of Empathy for Children and Adolescents Child Development 53 1982 413 425
  • S. Buelga, G. Musitu, and S. Murgui Relaciones entre la reputación social y la agresión relacional en la adolescencia International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology 9 1 2009 127 141
  • S. Buelga, G. Musitu, S. Murgui, and J. Pons Reputation, loneliness, satisfaction with life and aggressive behavior in adolescence The Spanish Journal of Psychology 11 1 2008 192 200
  • A. Carroll, S. Green, S. Houghton, and R. Wood Reputation enhancement and involvement in delinquency among high school students International Journal of Disability, Development and Education 50 2003 253 273
  • A. Carroll, J. Hattie, K. Durkin, and S. Houghton Adolescent reputation enhancement: differentiating delinquent, nondelinquent, and at-risk youths Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 40 1999 593 606
  • A. Carroll, S. Houghton, J. Hattie, and K. Durkin Reputation enhancing goals: integrating reputation enhancement and goal setting theory as an explanation of delinquent involvement F.H. Columbus, Advances in psychology research 2001 Nova Science Publishers New York 101 129
  • M.J. Cava Familia, profesorado e iguales: Claves para el apoyo a las víctimas de acoso escolar Psychosocial Intervention 20 2011 183 192
  • M.J. Cava, S. Buelga, G. Musitu, and S. Murgui Violencia escolar entre adolescentes y sus implicaciones en el ajuste psicosocial: un estudio longitudinal Revista de Psicodidáctica 15 1 2010 21 34
  • M.J. Cava, G. Musitu, and S. Murgui Individual and social risk factors related to overt victimization in a sample of Spanish adolescents Psychological Reports 101 2007 275 290
  • A.H.N. Cillessen, and L. Mayeux From censure to reinforcement: Developmental changes in the association between aggression and social status Child Development 75 2004 147 163
  • C.R. Cook, K.R. Williams, N.G. Guerra, T.E. Kim, and S. Sadek Predictors of bullying and victimization in childhood and adolescence: a meta-analytic investigation School Psychology Quarterly 25 2010 65 83
  • S. Cosi, A. Vigil-Colet, and J. Canals Desarrollo del cuestionario de agresividad proactiva/reactiva para profesores: estructura factorial y propiedades psicométricas Psicothema 21 2009 159 164
  • J.R. Crawford, and J.D. Henry The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales: Normative data and latent structure in a large non-clinical sample British Journal of Clinical Psychology 42 2003 111 131
  • N.R. Crick, and J.K. Grotpeter Children's treatment by peers: Victims of relational and overt aggression Development and Psychopathology 8 1996 367 380
  • N.R. Crick, and D.A. Nelson Relational and physical victimization within friendships: Nobody told me there'd be friends like these Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 30 2002 599 607
  • D. Deadman, and Z. MacDonald Offenders as victims of crime?: An investigation into the relationship between criminal behaviour and victimization Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 167 2004 53 67
  • E. Diener, R. Emmons, R.J. Larsen, and S. Griffin The Satisfaction With Life Scale Journal of Personalitiy Assessment 49 1985 71 75
  • C. Dykeman, W. Daehlin, S. Doyle, and H.S. Flamer Psychological predictors of school-based violence: Implications for school counselors School Counselor 44 1996 35 47
  • N. Emler Delinquents as a minority group: Accidental tourists in forbidden territory or voluntary émigrés? F. Butera, J. Levine, Coping with minority status: Responses to exclusion and inclusion 2009 Cambridge University Press US 127 154
  • N. Emler, and S. Reicher Adolescence and delinquency 1995 Blackwell Publishers Ltd Oxford, UK
  • N. Emler, and S. Reicher Delinquency: Cause or consequence of social exclusion? D. Abrams, M.A. Hogg, J.M. Marques, The Social Psychology of Inclusion and Exclusion 2005 Psychology Press New York 211 241
  • E. Estévez, and N. Emler Individual differences in attitude to school and social reputation among peers: Implications for behavioural adjustment in educational settings J.E. Larson, Educational Psycho-logy: Cognition and Learning, Individual Differences and Motivation 2009 Nova Science Publishers New York 342 375
  • E. Estévez, T. Jiménez, and D. Moreno Cuando las víctimas de violencia escolar se convierten en agresores: "¿Quién va a defenderme?" European Journal of Education and Psychology 3 2011 177 186
  • E. Estévez, J. Herrero, B. Martínez, and G. Musitu Aggressive and non-aggressive rejected students: an analysis of their differences Psychology in the Schools 43 2006 387 400
  • E. Estévez, B. Martínez, and G. Musitu La autoestima en adolescentes agresores y víctimas en la escuela: La perspectiva multidimensional Intervención Psicosocial 12 2006 32 41
  • E. Estévez, S. Murgui, and G. Musitu Psychosocial adjustment in aggressors, pure victims and aggressive victims at school European Journal of Education and Psychology 1 2 2008 29 39
  • E. Estévez, S. Murgui, and G. Musitu Psychosocial adjustment in bullies and victims of school violence European Journal of Psychology of Education XXIV 4 2009 473 483
  • E. Estévez, S. Murgui, G. Musitu, and D. Moreno Adolescent aggression: effects of gender and family and school environments Journal of Adolescence 31 2008 433 450
  • E. Estévez, S. Murgui, G. Musitu, and D. Moreno Clima familiar, clima escolar y satisfacción con la vida en adolescentes Revista Mexicana de Psicología 25 1 2008 119 128
  • M. Evans, S.A. Heriot, and A.G. Friedman A behavioural pattern of irritability, hostility and inhibited empathy in children Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 7 2002 211 224
  • A. Field Discovering statistics using SPSS 2005 Sage Publications London
  • A.J. Flisher, J. Evans, M. Muller, and C. Lombard Brief report: Test-retest reliability of self-reported adolescent risk behaviour Journal of Adolescence 27 2 2004 207 212
  • F. García, and G. Musitu AF5: Autoconcepto Forma 5 2009 Tea Madrid
  • C. Guerra, D. Álvarez-García, A. Dobarro, J.C. Núñez, L. Castro, and J. Vargas Violencia escolar en estudiantes de Educación Secundaria de Valparaíso (Chile): Comparación con una muestra española Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología y Salud 2 2011 75 98
  • N.B. Guterman, H.C. Hahm, and M. Cameron Adolescent victimization and subsequent use of mental health counseling services Journal of adolescent Health 30 2002 336 345
  • D.S.J. Hawker, and M.J. Boulton Twenty years' research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 41 2000 441 455
  • J. Herrero, E. Estévez, and G. Musitu The relationships of adolescent school-related deviant behaviour and victimization with psychological distress: Testing a general model of the mediational role of parents and teachers across groups of gender and age Journal of Adolescence 29 2006 671 690
  • E. Hodges, M. Boivin, F. Vitaro, and W.M. Bukowski The power of friendship: Protection against an escalating cycle of peer victimization Developmental Psychology 35 1999 94 101
  • L. Hu, and P.M. Bentler Cut-off criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives Structural Equation Modeling 6 1999 1 55
  • C.J. Inglés Programa PEHIA: Enseñanza de Habilidades Interpersonales para Adolescentes 3a 2009 Pirámide Madrid
  • T.I. Jiménez, D. Moreno, S. Murgui, and G. Musitu Factores psicosociales relacionados con el estatus social del alumno en el aula: El rol de la reputación social, la amistad, la conducta violenta y la relación con el profesor International Journal of Psychology and Psychologica Therapy 8 2008 227 236
  • T.I. Jiménez, G. Musitu, M.J. Ramos, and S. Murgui Community involvement and victimization at school: an analysis through family, personal and social adjustment The Journal of Community Psychology 37 8 2009 959 974
  • J. Juvonen, A. Nishina, and S. Graham Peer harassment, psychological adjustment, and school functioning in early adolescence Journal of Educational Psychology 92 2000 349 359
  • R.W. Kamphaus, and P.J. Frick Clinical assessment of child and adolescent personality and behavior 2nd 2005 Springer New York
  • P. Kline The handbook of psychological testing 1999 Routledge London
  • K. Kumpulainen, E. Räsänen, and K. Puura Psychiatric disorders and the use of mental health services among children involved in bullying Aggressive Behavior 27 2001 102 110
  • J.B. Kupersmidt, J.D. Coie, and K.A. Dodge Predicting disorder from peer social problems S.R. Asher, J.D. Coie, Peer rejection in childhood 1990 Cambridge University Press New York
  • T.D. Little, C.C. Henrich, S.M. Jones, and P.H. Hawley Disentangling the "whys" from the "whats" of aggressive behaviour International Journal of Behavioral Development 27 2003 122 133
  • J. MacDonald, A. Piquero, R. Valois, and K. Zullig The relationship between life satisfaction, Risk-Taking Behaviors and Youth Violence Journal of Interpersonal Violence 20 2005 1495 1518
  • K. Martin, E.S. Huebner, and R.F. Valois Does life satisfaction predict victimization experiences in adolescence? Psychology in the Schools 45 2008 705 714
  • M. Martínez, S. Buelga, and M.J. Cava La satisfacción con la vida en la adolescencia y su relación con la autoestima y el ajuste escolar Anuario de Psicología 38 2007 293 303
  • B. Martínez, D. Moreno, L.V. Amador, and J. Orford School victimization among adolescents. An analysis from an ecological perspective Psychosocial Intervention 20 2011 149 160
  • M. Martínez-Antón, S. Buelga, and M.J. Cava La satisfacción con la vida en la adolescencia y su relación con la autoestima y el ajuste escolar Anuario de Psicología 38 2 2007 293 303
  • S.O. Meadows, J.S. Brown, and G.H. Elder Depressive symptoms, stress, and support: gendered trajectories from adolescence to young adulthood Journal of Youth and Adolescence 35 2006 93 103
  • A. Mehrabian, and N.A. Epstein A measure of emotional empathy Journal of Personality 40 4 1972 525 543
  • V. Mestre, E. Pérez-Delgado, D. Frías, and P. Samper Instrumentos de evaluación de la empatía E. Pérez- Delgado, V. Mestre, Psicología moral y crecimiento personal 1999 Ariel Barcelona 181 190
  • V. Mestre, E. Pérez, P. Samper, and M. Martí Diferencias de género en la empatía y su relación con el pensamiento moral y el altruismo Iber Psicología 3 1 1998 1 15
  • M.V. Mestre, P. Samper, M.D. Frías, and A.M. Tur Are women more empathetic than men? A longitudinal study in adolescence The Spanish Jouurnal of Psychology 12 2009 76 83
  • P.A. Miller, and N. Eisenberg The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/antisocial behavior Psychological Bulletin 103 3 1986 324 344
  • D. Moreno, E. Estévez, S. Murgui, and G. Musitu Reputación social y violencia relacional en adolescentes: el rol de la soledad, la autoestima y la satisfacción vital Psicothema 21 2009 537 542
  • H. Mynard, and S. Joseph Development of the Multidimensional Peer Victimization Scale Aggressive Behavior 26 2000 169 178
  • T.R. Nansel, M. Overpeck, R.S. Pilla, W.J. Ruan, B. Simons-Morton, and P. Scheidt Bullying behaviors among US youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment Journal of the American Medical Association 285 2001 2094 2100
  • D.A. Nelson, C.C. Robinson, and C.H. Hart Relational and physical aggression of preschool-age children: Peer status linkages across informants Early Education and Development 16 2005 115 139
  • M. O'Moore, and C. Kirkham Self-esteem and its relationship to bullying behavior Aggressive behavior 27 2001 269 283
  • D. Olweus Peer harassment: A critical analysis and some important issues J. Juvonen, S. Graham, Peer harassment in school: The plight of the vulnerable and victimized 2001 Guilford Press New York 3 20
  • D. Olweus Acoso escolar: hechos y medidas de intervención 2007 Publicaciones del Research Centre for Health Promotion Bergen
  • J.J. Paul, and A.H.N. Cillessen Dynamics of peer victimization in early adolescence: Results from a fouryear longitudinal study Journal of Applied School Psychology 19 2003 25 43
  • J.G. Ponterotto, and D.E. Ruckdeschel An overview of coefficient alpha and a reliability matrix for estimating adequacy of internal consistency coefficients with psychological research measures Peceptual and Motor Skills 105 2007 997 1014
  • A. Povedano, L.B. Hendry, M.J. Ramos, and R. Varela Victimización escolar: Clima familiar, autoestima y satisfacción con la vida desde una perspectiva de género Psychosocial Intervention 20 2011 5 12
  • L.S. Radloff The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population Applied Psychological Measurement 1 1977 385 401
  • M. Ritakallio, R. Kaltiala-Heino, J. Kivivuori, and M. Rimpelä Brief report: Delinquent behaviour and depression in middle adolescence: a Finnish community sample Journal of Adolescence 28 1 2005 155 159
  • E.M. Romera, R. Del Rey, and R. Ortega Factores asociados a la implicación en bullying: Un estudio en Nicaragua Psychosocial Intervention 20 2011 161 170
  • A.L. Rose, L.P. Swenson, and E.M. Waller Overt and relational aggression and perceived popularity: Developmental differences in concurrent and prospective relations Developmental Psychology 40 2004 378 387
  • J. Santos, A. Muñoz, P. Juez, and P. Cortiñas Diseño de Encuestas para estudios de mercado. Técnicas de muestreo y análisis multivariante 2003 Editorial Ramón Areces Madrid
  • D. Schwartz Subtypes of victims and aggressors in children's peer groups Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 28 1999 181 192
  • D. Schwartz, L.J. Proctor, and D.H. Chien The aggressive victim of bullying: Emotional and behavioral dysregulation as a pathway to victimization by peers J. Juvonen, S. Graham, Peer harassment in school: The plight of the vulnerable and victimized 2001 Guilford Press New York 147 174
  • A. Serrano, and I. Iborra Violencia entre compañeros en la escuela 2005 Publicaciones del Centro Reina Sofía para el Estudio de la Violencia Valencia
  • J.N. Shaffer, and R.B. Ruback Violent victimization as a rick factor for violent offending among juveniles OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulleting 2002 U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Washington, D.C
  • D.J. Smith, and R. Ecob An investigation into causal links between victimization and offending in adolescents The British Journal of Sociology 58 2007 633 659
  • J. Sobral, E. Romero, A. Luengo, and J. Marzoa Personalidad y conducta antisocial: amplificadores individuales de los efectos contextuales Psicothema 4 2000 661 670
  • T. Sullivan, A.D. Farrell, and W. Kliewer Peer victimization in early adolescence: Association between physical and relational victimization and drug use, aggression, and delinquent behaviors among urban middle school students Development and Psychopathology 18 2006 119 137
  • H. Sweeting, R. Young, P. West, and G. Der Peer victimization and depression in early-mid adolescence: A longitudinal study British Journal of Educational Psychology 76 2006 577 594
  • R. Veenstra, S. Lindenberg, A.J. Oldehinkel, A.F. De Winter, F.C. Verhulst, and J. Ormel Bullying and victimization in elementary schools: a comparison of bullies, victims, bully/victims, and uninvolved preadolescents Developmental Psychology 41 2005 672 682
  • M.E. Villarreal-González, J.C. Sánchez-Sosa, F.H. Veiga, and G. Del Moral Contextos de desarrollo, malestar psicológico, autoestima social y violencia escolar desde una perspectiva de género en adolescentes Mexicanos Psychosocial Intervention 20 2011 171 181
  • M. Wied, P.P. Goudena, and W. Matthys Empathy in boys with disruptive behavior disorders Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 46 8 2005 867 880
  • H. Wilcox, T. Field, M. Prodromidis, and F. Scafidi Correlations between BDI and CES-D in a sample of adolescent mothers Adolescence 33 1998 565 574
  • K. Wittebrood, and P. Niewbeerta Wages of sin?: the link between offending, lifestyle and violent victimization European Journal of Criminal Policy and Research 7 1999 63 80