El “nuevo racismo” desde la lente de la “migración silenciosa”la adopción interracial en España

  1. Rodríguez Jaume, María José
Revista:
Migraciones Internacionales

ISSN: 2594-0279 1665-8906

Año de publicación: 2019

Número: 10

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.33679/RMI.V1I1.2153 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

Otras publicaciones en: Migraciones Internacionales

Objetivos de desarrollo sostenible

Resumen

The increase in international adoptions of minors (quiet migration) all over Spain has coincided in time with the rise of immigration. The links between these two phenomena give rise to a hybrid line of research focused on the racial experiences shared by both the adopted population and the immigrant population. A comparative analysis of data coming from three public opinion research sources reveals: (a) the presence of “racism without race” within Spanish society, even though phenotypic differences play a determining role in the social construction of race; and (b) a low “racial awareness” amongst interracial adoptive parents, which leads them to reproduce the ideology of “color-blind racism.”

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Aja, E., Arango, J. & Oliver, J. (2011). Inmigración y crisis económica. Barcelona: CIDOB.
  • Allport, G. W. (1968). La naturaleza del prejuicio. Buenos Aires: Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires (3rd ed.) (English, 1954).
  • Arango, J. (2010). Después del gran boom: la inmigración en la bisagra del cambio. In E. Aja, J. Arango & J. Oliver (Eds.), La inmigración en tiempos de crisis. Anuario de la inmigración en España 2009 (pp. 52-73). Barcelona: CIDOB.
  • Balibar, E. (1991). ¿Existe un neorracismo? In I. Wallerstein and E. Balibar, Raza, nación y clase (pp. 31-48). Madrid: IEPALA (Original edition, 1988).
  • Brigham, J. C. (1971). Ethnic stereotypes. Psychological Bulletin, 76(1), 15-38.
  • Bonilla-Silva, E. (1999). The Essential Social Fact of Race. American Sociological Review, 64(6), 899-906.
  • Bonilla-Silva, E. (2003). Racial attitudes or racial ideology? An alternative paradigm for examining actors' racial views. Journal of Political Ideologies, 8(1), 63-82.
  • Bonilla-Silva, E., Lewis, A. & Embrick, D. (2004). ‘I did not get that job because of a black man...’: the story lines and testimonies of color-blind racism. Sociological Forum, 19(4), 555-581.
  • Cea D’Ancona, Mª A. (2004). La activación de la xenofobia en España. ¿Qué miden las encuestas? Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (CIS).
  • Cea D’Ancona, Mª A. & Valles, M. (2014). Evolución del racismo y la xenofobia en España [Informe-Encuesta 2012]. Madrid: OBERAXE, Ministerio de Trabajo e Inmigración.
  • Cea D’Ancona, Mª A, Valles, M. & Eseverri, C. (2014). Convergencias y divergencias de los discursos e imágenes de la inmigración en etapas de bonanza y de crisis. Migraciones, (35), 11-41.
  • De Graeve, K. (2015). They have our culture’: negotiating migration in Belgian–Ethiopian transnational adoption. Ethnos: Journal of Anthropology, 80(1), 71-90.
  • Dovidio, J. F. & Gaertner, S. L. (2000). Aversive Racism and Selection Decisions: 1989 and 1999. Psychological Science, 11(4), 315-319.
  • Howell, S. & Marre, D. (2006). To kin a Transnationally Adopted Child in Norway and Spain: The Achievement of Resemblances and Belonging. Ethnos: Journal of Anthropology, 71(3), 293-316.
  • Hübinette, T. (2004). Adopted Koreans and the Development of Identity in the ‘Third Space’. Adoption and Fostering, 28(1), 16-24.
  • Hübinette, T. & Tigervall, C. (2009). When racism becomes individualized: Writing about experiences of racialization among adult adoptees and adoptive parents of Sweden. In S. Keskinen, S. Tuori, S. Irni & D. Mulinari (Eds.), Complying with colonialism: gender, race and ethnicity in the Nordic region (pp. 119-136). Farnham UK: Ashgate.
  • Ishizawa, H., Kenney, C., Kubo, K. & Stevens, G. (2006). Constructing interracial families through intercountry adoption. Social Science Quarterly, 87(5), 1207-1224.
  • Kinder, D. & Sears, D. (1981). Prejudice and politics: Symbolic racism versus racial threats to the good life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40(3), 414-431.
  • Kubo, K. (2010). Desirable Difference: The Shadow of Racial Stereotypes in Creating Transracial Families through Transnational Adoption. Sociology Compass, 4(4), 263-282.
  • Lee, R. (2003). The Transracial Adoption Paradox: History, Research, and Counseling Implications of Cultural Socialization. Counseling Psychologist, 31(6), 711–744.
  • Lee, R., Grotevant, H., Hellerstedt, W. & Gunnar, M. (2006). Cultural Socialization in Families With Internationally Adopted Children. Journal of Family Psychology, 20(4), 571-580.
  • Leinaweaver, J. (2014). The Quiet Migration Redux: International Adoption, Race, and Difference. Human Organization, 73(1), 62–71.
  • Leinaweaver, J. (2011). Kinship Paths To and From the New Europe: A Unified Analysis of Peruvian Adoption and Migration. The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology, 16(2), 380-400.
  • Massatti, R., Vonk, E. & Gregoire, T. (2004). Reliability and Validity of the Transracial Adoption Parenting Scale. Research on Social Work Practice, 14(1), 43-50.
  • Marre, D. (2009). We do not Have Immigrant Children at This School, We just Have Children Adopted from Abroad’: Flexible Understandings of Children’s “Origins”. In D. Marre & L. Briggs (Eds.), International Adoption: Global Inequalities and the Circulation of Children (pp. 226-243). New York & London: New York University Press.
  • McConahay, J. (1983). Modern Racism and Modern Discrimination: The Effects of Race, Racial Attitudes, and Context on Simulated Hiring Decisions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9(4), 551-558.
  • Merton, R. K. (1941). Intermarriage and the social structure: fact and theory. Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes, (4), 361-374.
  • Moser C. A. & Kalton, G. (1972). Survey Methods in Social Investigation. New York: Basic Books.
  • Pajares, M. (1999). La inmigración en España: retos y propuestas. Barcelona: Icaria.
  • Park, S. (2012). Caucasian parents’ experience with transnational-transracial adoption: A phenomenological study. International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies, 3(4.1), 479-499.
  • Pettigrew, T.F. & Meertens, R.W. (1995). Subtle and blatant prejudice in Western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25(1), 57-75.
  • Richardson, Ch. (2011). Transracial Adoption: Promoting Racial Literacy or Perpetuating Colorblind Racism? McNair Scholars Research Journal, 7(1), 79-88. Retrieved from http://www.racialequitytools.org/resourcefiles/transracialadoption.pdf.
  • Rodríguez, MªJ. (2015). La construcción ideológica y social del fenómeno de las adopciones: avances y retos para una sociología de las adopciones. Política y Sociedad, 52(2), 509-537.
  • Rodríguez, MªJ. & González, Mª J. (2014). Las encuestas autoadministradas por internet. Un estudio de caso: ‘Las familias adoptivas y sus estilos de vida’. Empiria, (29), 155-175.
  • Rodríguez, MªJ. & Jareño, D. (2015). Estigma social y adopción internacional en España: ¿es la familia adoptiva un modelo familiar menos ‘auténtico’ que los basados en lazos biológicos. Papers: Revista de Sociología, 100(2), 211-236.
  • Samuels, G. (2009). ‘Being raised by white people’: navigating racial difference among adopted multiracial adults. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71(1), 80-94.
  • San Román, B. (2013). I am White… Even If I Am Racially Black’ ‘I Am Afro-Spanish’: Confronting Belonging Paradoxes in Transracial Adoption. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 32(3), 229-245.
  • San Román, B. & Marre, D. (2013). De ‘chocolatinas’ y ‘princesas de ojos rasgados’: sobre la diferencia ‘fisonómica’ en la adopción transracial en España. In C. López, D. Marre & J. Bestard (Eds.), Maternidades, procreación y crianza en transformación (pp.-142). Barcelona: Bellaterra.
  • Selman, P. (2012). Tendencias globales en adopción internacional: ¿en el ‘interés superior de la infancia’? Scripta Nova, XVI(395), [online]. Retrieved from http://www.ub.edu/geocrit/sn/sn-395/sn-395-21.htm.
  • Selman, P. (2006). Trends in intercountry adoption: Analysis of data from 20 receiving countries, 1998-2004. Journal of Population Research, 23(2), 183-204.
  • Selman, P. (2002). Intercountry adoption in the new millennium: the ‘quiet migration’ revised. Population Research and Policy Review, 21(3), 205-225.
  • Song, S. & Lee, R. (2009). The past and present cultural experiences of adopted Korean American adults. Adoption Quarterly, 12 (1), 19-36.
  • Suso, A. & González, I. (2012). Estudio anual sobre la discriminación por el origen racial o étnico: la percepción de las potenciales víctimas. 2011. Madrid: Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad.
  • Sweeney, K. (2013). Race-Conscious Adoption Choices, Multiraciality, and Color-Blind Racial Ideology. Family Relations, 62(1), 42-57.
  • TNS Opinion & Social (2015). Special Eurobarometer 437. Discrimination in the EU in 2015 (Spain). European Commission: Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers and coordinated by Directorate-General for Communication.
  • Twine, F. (2004). A white side of black Britain: The concept of racial literacy. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 27(6), 878- 907.
  • Vonk, E. (2001). Cultural competence for transracial adoptive parents. Social Work, 4(3), 246-255.
  • Weil, R. (1984). International Adoptions: The Quiet Migration. International Migration Review, 18(2), 276-293.