Descomposición térmica y briquetado de residuos de espumas de poliuretano

Abstract

El crecimiento económico de una sociedad implica un incremento notable de los ingresos, lo que conlleva un mayor consumo energético y una mayor demanda de bienes de consumo que dan lugar a una mayor generación de residuos. En los últimos años, la Unión Europea (UE) a través de la Directiva 2008/98/CE, ha tratado de promover una gestión de residuos adecuada basada en la siguiente jerarquía: prevención, reutilización, reciclaje, valorización y eliminación, entendiéndose como eliminación la deposición en vertederos. Para los residuos que son inevitablemente generados y que no pueden ser reutilizados o reciclados, como es el caso de los residuos de los colchones, ya que dado su elevado volumen y baja biodegradabilidad no son adecuados para depositarlos en vertederos, es necesario el desarrollo de técnicas de valorización que transformen estos residuos en materias primas para la generación de nuevos productos o en una fuente de energía, dado el potencial energético de estos. Esta Tesis Doctoral abarca, por un lado, los estudios de degradación térmica de residuos de colchones, y, por otro lado, el estudio de la compactación de estos materiales. Siendo los objetivos concretos los enunciados a continuación: - Estudio de la descomposición térmica de la espuma de poliuretano flexible (FPUF). - Estudio de la descomposición térmica de la espuma viscoelástica (VMF). - Estudio de la formación de isocianatos en la pirólisis de la espuma de poliuretano flexible y la espuma viscoelástica. - Estudio de las condiciones de operación óptimas para la fabricación de briquetas de espumas procedentes de los residuos de colchones. Para la consecución del primer objetivo concreto se han realizados dos tipos de estudios diferentes como son el estudio de la cinética de la degradación térmica de FPUF bajo unas condiciones controladas y, el estudio de la generación de contaminantes en procesos de combustión y pirolisis de esta espuma en un reactor a escala de laboratorio. De forma análoga a lo explicado para la FPUF, el estudio de la descomposición térmica de la VMF también se han llevado a cabo un estudio de la cinética de la degradación térmica y un estudio de los contaminantes generados durante su combustión o descomposición en atmosfera inerte (pirólisis) en un reactor a escala de laboratorio. Para completar la caracterización de los contaminantes generados durante la degradación térmica de las espumas FPUF y VMF se ha realizados el análisis de los isocianatos producidos durante la pirolisis de estos compuestos a diferentes temperaturas. Es importante mencionar que esté análisis se realizó durante una estancia de investigación de 3 en el centro de investigación Empa en Suiza, empleando una tecnología que no había sido empleada hasta la fecha en el grupo de investigación, lo que ha servido para aportar una nueva vía de investigación en el grupo. Por último, la consecución del cuarto objetivo es muy importante desde el punto de vista de la gestión de los colchones fuera de uso, dado el elevado volumen que presentan estos residuos. El haber conseguido optimizar las condiciones de compactación de la espuma de poliuretano flexible así como de mezclas de distintas espumas como son la espuma de viscoelástica o la espuma de látex, puede suponer un beneficio considerable en el manejo, transporte y almacenamiento de este tipo de residuos así como un incremento en el poder calorífico de los mismos para su posterior valorización energética reduciendo la dependencia de combustibles fósiles y eliminando así el problema asociado con este tipo de residuos que se acumulan en vertederos. Los resultados obtenidos en el desarrollo de esta tesis doctoral se han publicado en 6 artículos y una Patente nacional. La aplicabilidad de los resultados de esta Tesis Doctoral podrían englobarse en tres grandes bloques: - Por un lado, de los estudios termogravimétricos se ha obtenido la cinética de descomposición de los dos materiales empleados (espuma de poliuretano flexible y espuma viscoelástica) que puede emplearse para el diseño de reactores para llevar a cabo la combustión o pirólisis de este tipo residuos, para la obtención de energía o productos, respectivamente. - El análisis de los contaminantes generados durante la descomposición térmica en condiciones controladas (combustión y pirólisis) de la espuma de poliuretano flexible y la espuma viscoelástica permite valorar la viabilidad del aprovechamiento energético de este tipo de residuos desde el punto de vista de la emisión de compuestos que puedan suponer un riesgo para la salud. - Y, por último, los valores de presión y temperatura obtenidos en el estudio de la fabricación de briquetas a partir de espumas presentes en los colchones no son excesivamente elevados, por lo que este sistema de producción de briquetas puede implantarse en los propios vertederos donde se acumulan los colchones, gracias a un sistema de aprovechamiento energético del biogás generado en la degradación biológica de los residuos orgánicos. 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